Abnormal fetal presentations

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There can be many variations in the fetal presentation which is determined by which part of the fetus is projecting towards the internal cervical os. This includes:

  • cephalic presentation: fetal head presenting towards the internal cervical os, considered normal and occurs in the vast majority of births (~97%)
  • breech presentation: fetal rump presenting towards the internal cervical os, this has three main types
    • frank breech presentation (50-70% of all breech presentation): hips flexed, knees extended (pike position)
    • complete breech presentation (5-10%): hips flexed, knees flexed (cannonball position)
    • footling presentation or incomplete (10-30%): one or both hips extended, foot presenting
    • other, e.g one leg flexed and one leg extended
  • shoulder presentation
  • funic presentation - cord presentation: umbilical cord presenting towards the internal cervical os
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