Therapy-related myeloid leukemia

Therapy-related myeloid leukaemias, also referred to as therapy-related myeloid neoplasms, occur as a late complication after cytotoxic therapies (e.g. chemotherapy, immunosuppressive therapy, and radiation therapy) performed to treat other conditions. They represent hematological malignancies where a causal relationship has been implied, and have been recognized as distinct entities by the WHO classification of tumors of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues.

They include:

• therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML)
• therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS)
• therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/myeloproliferative neoplasms (t-MDS/MPN)

They are known to have poor outcomes compared to the de novo cases of these entities. For further discussion, please refer to the main articles of each myeloid neoplasm.