fibromuscular dysplasia

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a heterogeneous group of vascular lesions characterized by an idiopathic, non-inflammatory, and non-atherosclerotic angiopathy of small and medium-sized arteries.

Epidemiology

The prevalence is unknown . It is most common in young women with a female to male ratio of 3:1, and is typically diagnosed between the ages of 30 and 50 .

Clinical presentation

Fibromuscular dysplasia is frequently asymptomatic. Symptomatic patients commonly present with:

Pathology

The exact cause is not well known. The underlying pathology is fibrous or fibromuscular thickening of the arterial wall. Any layer of the vessel wall may be affected: intima, media or adventitia. There is absence of inflammatory cells .

Classification 

Fibromuscular dysplasia is classified into five categories according to the vessel wall layer affected:

  • intima: 5% 
  • media: 90-95% 
    • medial dysplasia (70%, commonest type)
    • perimedial (subadventitial) fibroplasia (15-20%)
    • medial hyperplasia (8-10%)
  • adventitia: rare 
    • adventitial fibroplasia (1%)

The outcome is arterial stenoses. Fibromuscular dysplasia most commonly causes small stenoses along a vessel with intervening areas of dilatation (small aneurysms), creating a “string of beads” appearance. Less commonly the stenosis has a smooth tapered appearance. Fibromuscular dysplasia also weakens the vessel wall which predisposes to dissection.

Location

Fibromuscular dysplasia may affect any medium sized artery in the body, and is commonly multifocal and bilateral (up to 60% when involving the renal arteries). Fibromuscular dysplasia usually involves mid segment of the vessels and spares origins. Some sites are more frequently involved :

Complications

Radiographic features

Arterial imaging with CT angiography, MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) may be used to visualize the lesions in fibromuscular dysplasia.

Selective DSA is the gold standard because it allows visualization of small or peripheral lesions. The characteristic finding, particularly in the more common medial subtype, is alternating stenoses and dilatations, causing a string of beads appearance .

Less commonly in intimal and adventitial types, there is focal concentric, long-segment tubular stenosis or diverticular outpouching present (see carotid intimal fibromuscular dysplasia). Cross-sectional imaging (CT and MRI) allows assessment of end-organ ischemic damage.

  • typical angiographic features include: vascular loops, fusiform vascular ectasia and a string of beads
  • less typical features include: arterial dissection, aneurysm and subarachnoid hemorrhage

Treatment and prognosis

Asymptomatic cases are only observed but if symptomatic then fibromuscular dysplasia responds well to angioplasty, with high long-term patency rates. A stent is generally not required.

Differential diagnosis

Imaging differential considerations include:

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