breast calcifications

Breast calcifications are deposits of calcium salts in the breast, which are radio-opaque on mammography. The majority are benign, but they can be associated with cancer. The ability to diagnose and appropriately manage the significant microcalcifications and differentiate them from innocuous findings is part of the art and science of breast imaging.

Epidemiology

Calcifications are extremely common, present in ~85% of mammograms . Their frequency increases with age.

In a screening mammography program, the rate of recall because of calcifications was 1.7% and of these, 19% resulted in a cancer diagnosis . In the digital mammography era, about one-sixth of all recalls are for calcifications .

Calcification-specific cancer detection rates in the era of digital mammography range from 1.9 to 3.2 in 1000 screened . A third of breast cancers show calcifications as the only mammographically suspicious feature . Up to 50% of breast cancers can be associated with calcification while 15-30% of calcifications biopsied for various reasons tend to be malignant in asymptomatic patients .

Pathology

Etiology

Of the breast cancers detected on mammography due to calcifications, about two-thirds represent ductal carcinoma in situ and the remainder are invasive ductal carcinoma . In contrast, the causes of benign calcifications are broad and covered in detail in other sections (Radiographic features and Differential diagnosis).

Microscopic appearance

Calcifications typically represent calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate salt deposition, with the latter more likely to be benign . The former appears purple on hematoxylin and eosin stain, while the latter requires the use of polarized light to assess birefringence.

Radiographic features

The BI-RADS lexicon prescribes descriptors for typically benign calcifications as well as suspicious morphologic terms and descriptors of calcification distribution . See also the separate article on breast calcifications: an approach.

Typically benign calcifications

• skin: lucent centered, usually tightly grouped, and can be localized on tangential views if the appearance is atypical; formed within the dermis/epidermis
• vascular: parallel tram tracks or discontinuous linear appearance at the margins of a tubular structure; formed in blood vessel walls
• coarse or "popcorn-like": large (>2-3 mm), sometimes confluent or associated with a circumscribed mass; formed in involuting fibroadenomas
• large rod-like: large tubules in a radiating and sometimes branching distribution oriented towards the nipple; with the largest in a breast measuring mean 4 mm long and 0.6 mm wide, usually bilateral, usually intraductal but sometimes periductal, usually in older women (>60 years) ; formed within ductal ectasia
• round, including punctate: circular, usually <1 mm (<0.5 mm if punctate); formed in acini of terminal ductal lobular unit
• rim: "eggshell", lucent centered; formed in the walls of oil cysts (fat necrosis) or simple cysts
• dystrophic: irregular, usually >1 mm; formed after radiation, trauma, or surgery
• milk of calcium: "tea cups" curvilinear or linear level on the 90° lateral (ML/LM) view but a smudge on the CC view; formed as sediment within cysts
• suture: linear or tubular calcifications; formed on loops and knots of surgical sutures

Suspicious morphology of calcifications

The following particle shapes carry increasing suspicion for malignancy, in order :

• coarse heterogeneous: irregular, generally 0.5-1 mm
• amorphous: indistinct and/or small ("powdery", "cloud", or "cottony"), such that another specific shape cannot be determined
• fine pleomorphic: variable shape ("shards of glass" or "crushed stone"), generally <0.5 mm
• fine linear or fine-linear branching: thin (<0.5 mm), linear, branching or irregularly arranged ("casting")

See also the separate article on suspicious breast calcifications. These descriptors and their associated probability of malignancy can be further modified by their distribution.

Distribution

• diffuse: scattered randomly throughout the breast; almost always benign
• regional: scattered in a larger volume (>2 cm in greatest linear dimension) of breast tissue and not in the expected ductal distribution; malignancy is less likely but the overall evaluation also depends on the morphology
• grouped: a cluster of at least 5 calcifications within 1 cm from each other, in an area at most 2 cm in greatest linear dimension; more likely to be malignant with smaller calcific particle sizes (<1 mm) and suspicious shape
• linear: calcifications arrayed in a line suggestive of deposition along ducts; suspicious if there is not a characteristically benign appearance such as vascular or large rod-like calcifications)
• segmental: calcium deposits in ducts and branches of a segment or lobe; suspicious if not characteristically benign such as large rod-like

Radiology report

Calcifications that are typically benign do not need to be reported (BI-RADS 1), so that the referrer or patient reading the report would not be confused that they could be anything other than definitely benign, but they may be reported (BI-RADS 2) if there is concern that other observers viewing the images might not interpret them as benign .

Round calcifications are benign (BI-RADS 2) if diffuse or stable for several years. Grouped punctate calcifications in isolation and without prior examinations for comparison are probably benign if a full diagnostic evaluation has been performed (BI-RADS 3). Punctate calcifications that are new, increased, or linear or segmental in distribution are suspicious (BI-RADS 4).

Amorphous calcifications are suspicious (BI-RADS 4) unless they are bilateral and diffuse and/or stable for many years. A single group of coarse heterogeneous, amorphous, or fine pleomorphic calcifications are moderately suspicious (BI-RADS 4B), whereas fine linear or fine-linear branching calcifications are highly suspicious (BI-RADS 4C) . A linear or segmental distribution increases the level of suspicion for calcifications with suspicious morphologies.

A combination of several suspicious descriptors/findings can be highly suggestive of malignancy (BI-RADS 5), a category which is used if a nonmalignant percutaneous biopsy result would be discordant and prompt a repeat biopsy (usually surgical).

Differential diagnosis

Many entities cause breast calcifications but the primary distinction of clinical relevance is between benign and malignant causes. The classic benign etiologies are noted above ("Typically benign calcifications"). As noted above, malignant calcifications usually represent either ductal carcinoma in situ or invasive ductal carcinoma.

Artifactual mimics of calcification include antiperspirants, powders, soaps, and tattoos.

See also

• breast calcifications: an approach
• suspicious breast calcifications
• other imaging features of breast malignancy
  • masses
  • asymmetries
  • architectural distortions

Siehe auch:

• Fibroadenom
• Mikrokalk in der Mammographie
• Kalkmilchzysten Mamma
• chronische abakterielle Mastitis
• dystrophic calcification within the breast
• Liponekrosen Mamma
• amorphous calcification within breast
• Milchgangverkalkung
• suspicious breast calcifications
• lanzettförmige Verkalkungen
• Gefäßverkalkungen in der Mammographie
• Ölzysten in der Mamma
• breast microcalcifications that changed
• Myositis ossificans der Brust
• fibrocystic change
• newly appeared microcalcifications -- What’s hiding behind them?
• Liponekrose
• suture calcification within breast tissue
• coarse macrocalcifications within breast
• skin (dermal) calcification in / around breast tissue

und weiter:

• breast curriculum
• Artefakte durch Deodorant in der Mammographie
• grobe Makroverkalkungen der Mamma
• artifacts that mimic breast calcification
• Bi-RADS for Mammography and Ultrasound 2013
• skin calcification in breast
• suture calcification in breast
• calcified filariasis of the breast
• idiopathische granulomatöse Mastitis
• crumbled microcalcifications - post-irradiated breast
• granulomatöse Mastitiden allgemein
• breast myositis ossificans
• Verkalkungen in der Mamma nach Strahlentherapie
• Eierschalenverkalkungen in der Mamma