MRI physics

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a gyroscope. Note that the angular momentum vector is pointing starting at the top point towards the fixed point (also applies to the gimbal).

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Normal midline brain (MRI) - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia

Gaillard, F. Normal midline brain (MRI). Case study, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 01 Nov 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-2756 • CC by-nc-sa 3.0 (modified)

Differential

diagnosis of uncommon prostate diseases: combining mpMRI and clinical information. BPH in a 66-year-old man with an elevated serum PSA level fluctuating from 4 to 10 ng/mL. a–g Axial T2-weighted images captured in Jan 2010 (size of 1.3 cm), May 2012, Mar 2013, Dec 2013, Feb 2015, May 2015, and Jul 2019 (size of 2.6 cm) show a gradually increasing nodule with heterogeneous hyperintensity and a well-defined capsule in the left peripheral zone (arrow), the size of which increases with the progress of BPH in the TZ (☆)

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The physics of MRI are complicated and much harder to understand than those underpinning image generation in plain radiography, CT or ultrasound.

What follows is a very abbreviated, 'broad strokes' description of the process. Essentially, the process can be broken down into four parts:

preparation

excitation

spatial encoding

signal acquisition

For a more detailed description of each part of the process, please refer to the links scattered throughout this introduction and at the bottom of the page.

Preparation

The patient is placed in a static magnetic field produced by the magnet of the MRI scanner. In living tissues there are a lot of hydrogen atoms included in water molecules or in many different other molecules. The proton, the nucleus of hydrogen, possesses an intrinsic magnetization called spin. The spin magnetization vector precesses (rotates) around the magnetic field at a frequency called the Larmor frequency, which is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The resulting magnetization of all protons inside the tissues aligns parallel to the magnetic field. The parallel magnetization scales with the magnetic field intensity, basically at 3 T it will be twice the value obtained at 1.5 T. Additional preparation sequences can also be performed to manipulate the magnetization and so the image contrast, e.g. inversion preparation.

Excitation

During the image acquisition process, a radiofrequency (RF) pulse is emitted from the scanner. When tuned to the Larmor frequency, the RF pulse is at resonance: it creates a phase coherence in the precession of all the proton spins. The duration of the RF pulse is chosen such that it tilts the spin magnetization perpendicularly to the magnetic field. When a receiving coil (an electrical conductor) is put in the vicinity of the tissue, the transverse magnetization, that still rotates as the Larmor precession, will generate an electric current in the coil by Faraday induction: this is the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal.

The NMR signal is attenuated due to two simultaneous relaxation processes. The loss of coherence of the spin system attenuates the NMR signal with a time constant called the transverse relaxation time (T2). Concurrently, the magnetization vector slowly relaxes towards its equilibrium orientation that is parallel to the magnetic field: this occurs with a time constant called the spin-lattice relaxation time (T1). The contrast in MR images originates from the fact that different tissues have, in general, different T1 and T2 relaxation times; as this is especially true for soft tissues, it explains the excellent soft tissue contrast of MRI.

Spatial encoding

Spatial encoding of the MRI signal is accomplished through the use of magnetic field gradients (smaller additional magnetic fields with an intensity that linearly depends on their spatial location): spins from protons in different locations precess at slightly different rates. The portion of the gradient coils and the associated current that is perpendicular to the main magnetic field cause a force (Lorentz force) on the coils. The gradients are turned on and off very quickly in this process causing them to vibrate and producing the majority of the acoustic noise during MR image acquisition.

Signal acquisition

When using magnetic field gradients, the obtained NMR signal contains different frequencies corresponding to the different tissue spin positions and is called the MRI signal. After sampling, the analog MRI signal is digitized and stored for processing, which consists of a separation of the signal contributions from different spatial locations represented by pixels in the final image. This is achieved by a mathematical operation called a Fourier transform.

Standard exam

Multiple image sets are obtained in a standard examination protocol (which varies from facility to facility). Exam times vary according to the part of the anatomy being studied, pathology expected, radiologist preferences, and the scanner hardware and software used. Occasionally, a contrast medium may be used to enhance images, this will also usually prolong the scan time. Typically, exams are ordered without and with contrast for comparison purposes. Very rarely, and only in certain circumstances are exams ordered with contrast only. After the MRI exam the patient is removed from the scanner and given post-procedure instructions (information about contrast medium and/or sedation if used).