syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH or SIAD) (also known as Schwartz-Bartter syndrome) was initially described in patients with lung cancer who developed hyponatremia associated with continued urinary sodium loss. The result is often dilutional hyponatremia in which the sodium remains normal but total body fluid increases.

Pathology

Etiology

Inappropriate (excessive) release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), now known as arginine-vasopressin (AVP), may be caused by :

Treatment and prognosis

The optimal therapy for SIADH is to treat the underlying cause. If this is not possible, or if the disease has become refractory, other treatment methods are available such as water restriction, demeclocycline therapy, or in severe cases infusion of hypertonic saline together with furosemide during careful monitoring.

History and etymology

In 1957 William B Schwartz and colleagues (including the American endocrinologist Frederic Bartter) an American nephrologist first described the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion. ‘Inappropriate’ was employed because of the observed loss of the normal linkage between ADH secretion and serum osmolality .

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