adynamic ileus
Adynamic ileus is the failure of passage of enteric contents through the small bowel and colon that are not mechanically obstructed. Essentially it represents the paralysis of intestinal motility.
Clinical presentation
Patients may be asymptomatic or present with symptoms similar to mechanical bowel obstruction such as nausea/vomiting, distension, and reduced or absent bowel movements. Bowel sounds may also be absent.
Pathology
Etiology
Adynamic ileus can be caused by a number of conditions:
- drugs, e.g. opioids
- metabolic, e.g. hyponatremia
- sepsis: especially gram-negative bacteria
- abdominal trauma or surgery (see below)
- myocardial infarction / congestive heart failure
- head injury or neurosurgery
- intra-abdominal inflammation and peritonitis
- retroperitoneal hematoma
- acute mesenteric ischemia: ileus limited to a vascular territory
The cause of ileus is thought to be complex and multifactorial, involving bowel inflammation , inhibitory neural reflexes , and neurohormonal peptides .
Postoperative ileus vs. paralytic ileus
Some degree of ileus is a normal and expected finding after abdominal surgery, including C-section . Conventional recovery times have been reported at :
- small intestine: 0-24 hours
- stomach: 24-48 hours
- colon: 48-72 hours
These intervals, however, may be overestimations.
Prolonged postoperative ileus (>72 hours) has been termed "paralytic" ileus by some and is concerning for small bowel obstruction, bowel perforation, peritonitis, and intra-abdominal abscess.
Improving postoperative ileus is often determined clinically as much as radiographically, with the resumption of oral intake and flatus.
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
- generalized, uniform, gaseous distension of the large and small bowel
- involvement of large bowel and lack of a transition point help distinguish it from small bowel obstruction
- when localized, there may be a sentinel loop
History and etymology
"Ileus" ultimately derives from είλειν ("to twist"), which also gave rise to the section of the bowel termed the "ileum". At one time what we now call ileus had been called the "iliack passion" because it was believed that the intestines were twisted .
Siehe auch:
und weiter:
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Paralytischer Ileus:
