Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease, also known as hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN), is the most commonly inherited neuropathy of lower motor (to a lesser degree sensory) neurons.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of CMT in one Norwegian study was 82.3 cases per 100,000 people .
Clinical presentation
Signs and symptoms usually become first evident in childhood. Typically, this starts in the lower limbs with weakness, atrophy and deformity, and later affects the upper limbs. It rarely involves the more proximal musculature or the cranial nerves. Sensory changes are present but usually to a lesser degree .
Pathology
It is not a single condition, but a cluster of heterogeneous mutations with many subtypes. As expected the number and classification is in flux. Most frequently it is autosomal dominant in inheritance (although this is variable).
Classification
Classification is based on nerve-conduction studies and neuronal pathology divided into demyelinating and non-demyelinating forms :
Demyelinating forms
Reduced nerve conduction velocity (<38 m/sec) in upper limb nerves and myelin abnormalities on biopsy (e.g. onion bulb formation). This includes:
- CMT type 1
- most common
- autosomal dominant inheritance, most commonly due to over-expression of peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22 gene)
- repeated cycles of demyelination and remyelination result in a thick layer of abnormal myelin around the peripheral axons
- this form of CMT disease is a disorder of peripheral myelination
- these changes cause what is referred to as an onion bulb appearance
- CMT type 4
- autosomal recessive inheritance
Axonal forms
Preserved or mildly affected nerve conduction velocity (>38 m/s) and nerve biopsy evidence of degeneration and regeneration .
- CMT type 2
- peripheral neuropathy through direct axonal death and Wallerian degeneration
- autosomal dominant inheritance
- most commonly due to a mutation in the mitofusin 2 gene (MFN2)
Other forms
- pure motor neuropathy (dHMN) with sparing of sensory nerves
- pyramidal involvement (CMT type 5)
- optic nerve involvement (CMT type 6)
- CMT type 3 (also known as Déjerine-Sottas disease)
- characterized by infantile onset, resulting in severe demyelination with delayed motor skills, it is much more severe than CMT type 1
- increased CSF protein and severe demyelination on nerve biopsy are features
- X chromosome-linked CMT (CMTX)
- second most common form of CMT overall
- most commonly due to a mutation in the gap-junction B1 (GJB1) gene
Radiographic features
The nerve roots are typically hypertrophic with the onion bulb sign. This represents hypertrophic demyelination. Denervation changes in muscles are apparent.
Some enhancement may be seen on MRI, but it is not usually a prominent feature.
Soft tissue and skeletal abnormalities (e.g. scoliosis) may also be noticeable.
Treatment and prognosis
Unfortunately no effective drug for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease exists. Treatment is largely supportive with rehabilitation therapy and surgery for skeletal deformities . Most patients with CMT1A (the most common form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease) will remain able to walk for their entire life. However, the disease has variable severity depending on subtype .
History and etymology
It is named after French pathologist and neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), often described as the "Father of neurology", French neurologist Pierre Marie (1853-1940), and British neurologist Howard Henry Tooth (1856-1925) .
Siehe auch:
- Muskelveränderungen bei Denervation
- Refsum-Syndrom
- Hereditäre motorisch-sensible Neuropathie
- Troyer-Syndrom
- Hypertrophe neurale Muskelatrophie Typ Déjerine-Sottas
- HMSN VII - (HMSN mit Retinitis pigmentosa)
- Neuronale Peroneale Muskelatrophie
- HMSN VI - (HMSN mit Optikusatrophie)
und weiter:
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Hereditäre motorisch-sensible Neuropathie:
