Enneking surgical staging system

Imaging

algorithm and multimodality evaluation of spinal osteoblastoma. Osteoblastoma in a 25-year-old male, Enneking stage 3 on both CT and MRI. a and b Axial CT soft tissue and bone windows show a lesion causing extensive osteolytic destruction in L4 (which mainly affects the left pedicle, traverse process and lamina) with an incomplete sclerotic rim, unclear borders, and spotted calcifications. Note the thin flares in the epidural space (arrow). c and d Axial MRI T2WI and contrast-enhanced T1WI demonstrate the flare phenomenon adjacent to the tumor, i.e., abnormal swollen soft tissues in the spinal canal compressing the dural sac (arrow) lateral to the spinous process (arrowheads), showing hyperintensity on T2WI and marked enhancement with contrast

Imaging

algorithm and multimodality evaluation of spinal osteoblastoma. Osteoblastoma in a 29-year-old male, Enneking stage 2 on CT and stage 3 on MRI. a Axial CT bone window shows expansile bone destruction in the left lamina of L7 with a clear sclerotic rim and speckled calcifications. Note sclerotic changes (arrows) in the surrounding areas. Axial MRI T2WI (b), T1WI (c), and contrast-enhanced T1WI (d) show a soft tissue mass in the epidural space (arrowheads)

Imaging

algorithm and multimodality evaluation of spinal osteoblastoma. Osteoblastoma in a 28-year-old male, Enneking stage 2 on CT. a Axial CT soft tissue window shows a hypo-dense soft tissue mass (arrow) medial to the left psoas major muscle, which demonstrates the flare phenomenon. b Axial CT bone window shows expansile bone destruction in the lamina of L4 with a large quantity of matrix calcifications and sclerotic changes in the surrounding areas. Note the cortical breakthrough in the left pedicle (arrowhead). c and d F18-FDG PET/CT images show high uptake of FDG (SUVmax: 14.3) in the area of bone destruction, without FDG uptake abnormalities of the surrounding reactive sclerosis or inflamed tissues

Imaging

algorithm and multimodality evaluation of spinal osteoblastoma. Aggressive osteoblastoma in a 16-year-old female, Enneking stage 3 on both CT and MRI. This case was diagnosed as Ewing’s sarcoma or osteosarcoma before needle biopsy. a Axial CT soft tissue window shows extensive osteolytic destruction in the vertebral body, left pedicle and lamina of T2 vertebrae, with scattered internal nodular calcifications and a sclerotic rim (arrows). Note that the structures in the spinal canal are not clearly depicted. b Axial MRI contrast-enhanced T1WI shows a diffuse mass (arrowheads) with avid enhancement greater than that observed on CT, involving the T2 vertebral body and anterior soft tissues, bilateral lamina, spinous process, left pedicle, head and neck of the left 2nd rib and their surroundings, as well as soft tissues inside the spinal canal encapsulating the cord. c and d Axial and sagittal F18-FDG PET/CT images show both the mass and flares with high uptake of FDG (SUVmax: 15.7), which indicates tumor extension into the surrounding soft tissues. Note that PET does not clearly show the spinal cord due to its low spatial resolution. e Sagittal T2WI shows the tumor (asterisk) and extensively swollen tissues surrounding it that display the flare phenomenon (arrowheads). f Co-registered PET and T2WI sagittal image shows that a lesion visible on MRI (arrowheads) is significantly larger than the foci of high uptake on PET-CT, which indicates the existence of inflammatory issues in the flares