radial scar
Radial scar, or complex sclerosing lesion, is a rosette-like proliferative breast lesion. It is not related to surgical scarring. Some authors, however, reserve the latter term to lesions over 1 cm .
It is an idiopathic process with sclerosing ductal hyperplasia.
Its significance is that it is a mimicker of scirrhous breast carcinoma. Although some classical differential descriptions exist (see below), these cannot be relied on, and the diagnosis must not be made on radiological features alone. Furthermore, there is an association with atypical ductal hyperplasia and carcinoma.
Epidemiology
The reported prevalence of radial scars is 0.1-2.0 per 1,000 screening mammograms. Radial scar is very rare in women younger than 40 years and older than 60 years. Most often in women between 41-60 years .
Clinical presentation
They are usually not palpable. Clinical examination of the breast containing regions of radial scar is often normal, although in about 25% of cases radial scars can be palpable. They do not cause skin thickening or retraction. Lesions are usually small and detected by mammography when they are at least 5 mm in size. Lesions <1 cm are called radial scars, while larger ones are often referred to as complex or radial sclerosing lesions.
Pathology
A radial scar is a benign hyperplastic proliferative disease of the breast. Proposed possible causes include localized inflammatory reaction and chronic ischemia with subsequent slow infarction.
Histopathologically radial scars contain hyperplastic tissue cells and a central fibrous core, with radial extension of tubular structures (the spiculated peripheral borders), mimicking infiltrating carcinoma. This tubular formation has two rows of cells, epithelial and myoepithelial . The malignant potential is two times greater than in the normal population without radial scar .
Associations
In approximately 30% of cases, a radial scar is associated with ductal carcinoma in situ and tubular carcinoma of the breast. The occurrence of these is higher when there is associated atypia on histology.
Other associations include :
Radiographic features
Mammography
A radial scar has a spiculated appearance similar to carcinoma, but the center tends to be a translucent, low-density area rather than a mass. The breast tissue behind the lesion is almost visible through the lesion. The relatively low density of the center is a relevant and visible difference between carcinoma and a radial scar.
A carcinoma tends to have a dense center. With radial scars there is no dense center; in fact, the lesion is usually as dense centrally as peripherally. There is no "attempt" at forming a mass in a radial scar.
The spicules running from the center are in general longer and gracile than those of a carcinoma (look at the image in Case 1 and 2 thoughtfully. These are representative images).
The spicules are described as long and thin with radiating radiolucent linear structures, which against a radiolucent fat background gives a black star or dark star appearance . Microcalcifications are possible but rare in a radial scar. However, unlike a carcinoma, features such as skin thickening and retraction are characteristically absent . There is no visible scirrhous reaction in the radial scar.
Its mammographic appearance is also similar to a post-surgical breast scar and can vary markedly with differing projections (i.e. CC vs MLO).
Ultrasound
On ultrasound, a radial scar is often ill-defined and disturbs the architecture of surrounding breast parenchyma. The lesion is usually round, oval or lobulated. Variable internal echoes can be found. Some radial scars show retro-acoustic attenuation.
MRI
Features are replicated as described in the aforementioned modalities. There will be spiculation and archiectural distortion. Non-enhancement of the lesion favors a benign process. Enhancement suggests an underlying malignancy.
Treatment and prognosis
A radial scar is considered a high-risk breast lesion and histological differentiation from associated carcinoma is required. FNA and core biopsies can underestimate the underlying associated malignancy and are controversial. The lesions are biopsied and removed.
Differential diagnosis
Differential considerations for mammographic appearances include:
- breast cancer: a central mass tends to form. The spicules are shorter and thicker and there is retraction of the parenchyma; however sometimes the invasive lobular carcinoma, due to lack of the E-cadherin and diffuse infiltration of the tumor cells, it can be impossible to distinguish it from radial scar
- post-surgical breast scar: in practice this is rarely if ever a source of confusion; it is really rare to find post-surgical scarring with such long spicules as a radial scar and you also have the history on the technologist notes and if all else fails, the scar on the patient's skin
Siehe auch:
- breast lumps
- postoperative Narben Mamma
- sklerosierende Adenose der Mamma
- Borderline Läsionen der Mamma
- Hochrisiko Läsionen der Mamma
- Neoplasien der Mamma
und weiter:
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu radiäre Narbe der Mamma:
