Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors

Risk factors for testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) include:

• Caucasians at higher risk than African Americans (9:1)
• undescended testis
  • 10-40x increased risk 
  • around 10% of all tumors are associated with undescended testis
  • higher risk if intra-abdominal testis compared with intra-inguinal
  • orchidopexy prior to puberty can reduce the tumor risk
  • increased risk in the contralateral normally descended testis
• previous tumor in contralateral testis
• family history of testicular germ cell tumor
  • 4x increase if father affected
  • 9x if brother affected
• testicular microlithiasis
  • ~8x increased risk of GCT in symptomatic testicle with microlithiasis
  • no increased risk found in asymptomatic testicles therefore screening is unlikely to be useful
  • overall, microlithiasis is present in around 50% of GCT cases, but it is also very common in patients without cancer
• testicular dysgenesis 
  • testicular feminization
  • Klinefelter syndrome
• other risk factors may include
  • infections such as HIV, orchitis 
  • history of trauma 
  • organ transplant immunosuppression

See also

• non-seminomatous germ cell tumor
• testicular seminoma

Siehe auch:

• testikuläre Mikrolithiasis
• Kryptorchismus
• Orchitis
• Seminom
• nichtseminomatöser Keimzelltumor