hodgkin lymphoma

Teenager with
an enlarging, tender anterior chest wall massAxial CT without contrast of the chest shows an anterior mediastinal mass compressing the airway leading to left lower lobe atelectasis and eroding the sternum with periosteal reaction.The diagnosis was Hodgkin lymphoma.
pediatricimaging.org • CC-by-nc-sa 4.0
School ager
with respiratory distressCXR AP+lateral shows a large mass filling the anterior mediastinum which is seen to be homogeneous in appearance on the axial CT with contrast of the chest.The diagnosis was Hodgkin lymphoma with infiltration of the thymus.
pediatricimaging.org • CC-by-nc-sa 4.0
A diagnostic
approach to the mediastinal masses. A 28-year-old man with Hodgkin lymphoma. Frontal chest radiograph and contrast-enhanced CT scan show a homogeneous soft tissue mass at the level of the subcarina (arrows). An aortopulmonary window lymphadenopathy can be detected on CT scan (open arrow). The right paratracheal stripe is not seen on frontal chest radiograph, having been most probably obliterated by a right paratracheal lymphadenopathy (arrowhead). * Carina
insightsimaging.springeropen.com • CC-by-2.0
A diagnostic
approach to the mediastinal masses. Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin lymphoma in a 44-year-old woman. Frontal chest radiograph shows a large, well-defined mediastinal mass with increased density (arrow). Contrast-enhanced CT scan shows a bulky soft tissue mass (arrows) with homogeneous CT-attenuation value occupying prevascular space. Note the left internal mammarian artery completely surrounded by the lesion. Photomicrograph reveals numerous neoplastic lacunar cells (arrows) in a background of small lymphocytes, histiocytes and eosinophils, which supports the diagnosis of nodular sclerosis type Hodgkin lymphoma
insightsimaging.springeropen.com • CC-by-2.0
Teenager with
fever, night sweats, weight loss, and stridorCXR shows diffuse narrowing of the trachea due to infiltrative adenopathy shown on the axial CT without contrast of the chest.The diagnosis was Hodgkin lymphoma.
pediatricimaging.org • CC-by-nc-sa 4.0
Radiopaedia • CC-by-nc-sa 3.0 • de

Hodgkin lymphoma or Hodgkin disease (HD) is a type of lymphoma and accounts for ~1% of all cancers. Hodgkin disease spreads contiguously and predictably along lymphatic pathways and is curable in ~90% of cases, depending on its stage and sub-type.

Epidemiology

There is a bimodal distribution in the age of affected patients, with peaks in young adults (15-34 years) and older patients (>55 years).

Clinical presentation

Typical presentation is with painless lymphadenopathy. Systemic symptoms (B symptoms) such as night sweats and weight loss may be present.

An uncommon presentation described in Hodgkin disease is pain in involved organs following alcohol consumption.

Pathology

The disease is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (considered to be a type of B cell). These cells however only occupy a very small proportion (<5%) of the overall cell population of the affected lymph node. Contiguous spread is another feature. EBV infection is present in 40-80% depending on subtype .

Subtypes

There are five recognized histological subtypes, subdivided into two groups, classical and non-classical.

Classical

Positive for CD15/CD30 and negative for CD20/CD45/EMA:

  • nodular sclerosing: ≈70%
  • mixed cellularity: ≈25%
  • lymphocyte-rich: 5%
  • lymphocyte depleted: <5%
Non-classical

Positive for CD 19, 20, 22, 79a/EMA and negative for CD15/CD30:

  • nodular lymphocyte predominant (nodular paragranuloma)
Classification

For classification of lymphomas see WHO classification of neoplasms of lymphoid tissues.

Location
Nodal disease

Hodgkin disease is usually almost entirely confined to the lymph nodes. It typically starts in the upper body (neck, armpits, chest).

Extranodal disease

Extranodal Hodgkin disease although uncommon may be found in any organ system, either as a primary manifestation or as dissemination of systemic disease. This distinction is important, as disseminated disease carries a poorer prognosis. Extranodal disease may occur via invasion of adjacent tissue or via haematogenous spread.

Organ-specific involvement:

Staging

In contrast to other types of lymphoma, Hodgkin disease is usually characterized by a systematic nodal spread pattern making accurate staging important.

See main article: Hodgkin lymphoma staging.

Treatment and prognosis

Prognosis depends on stage as well as several other factors such as age, serological markers (ESR), presence of B symptoms, and histological tumor subtype:

  • nodular lymphocyte-predominant: best prognosis
  • lymphocyte depleted: worse prognosis

Treatment is dependent on the stage of the disease:

  • stage IIa and below: localized radiotherapy
  • stage IIb and above: chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy to sites of large tumor bulk

See also

Siehe auch:
und weiter:
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Morbus Hodgkin: