Peutz Jeghers syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is one of the polyposis syndromes. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance and is characterized by:

  • multiple hamartomatous polyps, most commonly involving the small intestine (predominantly the ileum), but also colon and stomach; mouth and esophagus are spared
  • mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation involving the mouth, fingers and toes

Epidemiology

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome has been reported to be as common as 1 in 8300 live births.

Clinical presentation

Findings on clinical examination include mucocutaneous hyperpigmented macules of the nose, buccal mucosa, axilla, hands, feet and genitalia . A clinical diagnosis can be made following histopathological confirmation of typical Peutz-Jeghers syndrome morphology in 2 or more intestinal polyps or after any number of polyps or hyperpigmented macules (in a characteristic location) with a positive family history .

Pathology

Peutz-Jeghers polyps are non-neoplastic hamartomas due to the proliferation of all three layers of the mucosa, which have a characteristic feature of a smooth muscle core continuous with muscularis mucosa in a tree-like branching pattern. This distinguishes them from the hamartomatous polyps of Cronkhite-Canada syndrome, juvenile polyposis and Cowden disease.

Patients are at increased risk of:

  • intussusception
  • GI tract adenocarcinoma, although the polyps themselves are not premalignant
    • stomach: 29% lifetime risk
    • small intestine: 13% lifetime risk
  • extraintestinal malignancies
    • adenoma malignum (adenocarcinoma subtype of the cervix)
    • breast: 45-50% lifetime risk , more frequently ductal
    • pancreas: 11-36% lifetime risk
    • ovary: 18-21% lifetime risk , mainly sex cord tumors
    • uterus: 9-10% lifetime risk
    • cervix: 10-23% lifetime risk
    • testis: 9% lifetime risk , large calcifying Sertoli cell tumors
    • lung: 15-17% lifetime risk
Genetics

It is attributed to mutations in tumor suppressor genes, most commonly STK11 (70-94%) .

Treatment and prognosis

Due to the increased risk of malignancy, screening is generally recommended. Examples include annual mammography and contrast-enhanced breast MRI, beginning at 25 years of age; baseline CT/MR enterography at 8-10 years of age (and every 2-3 years from 18 years of age); MRCP or endoscopic US every 1-2 years beginning from 30-35 years of age .

History and etymology

The syndrome is named after Jans Peutz (1886-1957), a Dutch physician and Harold Jeghers (1904-1990), an American physician who had successively described the association between polyposis and the mucocutaneous macules.

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