Sniff test

The fluoroscopic sniff test, also known as diaphragm fluoroscopy, is a quick and easy real time fluoroscopic assessment of diaphragmatic motor function (excursion). It is used most often to confirm absence of muscular contraction of the diaphragm during inspiration in patients with phrenic nerve palsy or breathing difficulties following stroke. Chest radiograph demonstrating a newly elevated hemidiaphragm often precedes a sniff test.

Technique

The following technique is suggested:

Findings

In normal diaphragmatic motion:

• the diaphragm contracts during inspiration: moves downwards
• the diaphragm relaxes during expiration: moves upwards
• both hemidiaphragms move together
• in healthy patients 1-2.5 cm of excursion is normal in quiet breathing
• 3.6-9.2 cm of excursion is normal in deep breathing
• up to 9 cm can be seen in young or athletic individuals in deep inspiration
• excursion in women is slightly less than men

In abnormal diaphragmatic motion:

• the affected hemidiaphragm does not move downwards during inspiration
• paradoxical motion can occur

Interpretation

Absence of diaphragmatic movement confirms phrenic nerve palsy in the appropriate clinical setting. A mass anyway along the course of the phrenic nerve requires exclusion, usually with neck and chest CT. A hilar mass due to lung cancer is the most common finding on CT and a classic exam case.

Normal diaphragmatic excursion can also be impaired in patients with:

• previous diaphragmatic trauma or surgery
• neuromuscular disorders
• previous stroke

Siehe auch:

• Zwerchfellhochstand
• Phrenikusparese
• paradoxe Zwerchfellbewegung
• Nervus phrenicus