maligner peripherer Nervenscheidentumor (MPNST) des Nervus ischiadicus
maligner peripherer Nervenscheidentumor (MPNST) des Nervus ischiadicus
maligner peripherer Nervenscheidentumor (MPNST) Radiopaedia • CC-by-nc-sa 3.0 • de
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are forms of peripheral nerve sheath tumors and comprise of malignant forms of neurofibromas and schwannomas. Approximately half of such tumors are seen in individuals with neurofibromatosis type I (NF1), in such cases arising from pre-existing neurofibromas.
Epidemiology
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors are estimated to account for 5-10% of all soft-tissue sarcomas. They typically present in young and middle-aged adults . There is no recognized gender predilection. When seen in the setting of NF1, they tend to occur in younger patients . They are also encountered with greater frequency in individuals who have previously received radiotherapy .
Clinical presentation
Clinical presentation varies depending on location.
Pathology
MPNSTs can either arise de-novo or de-differentiate from an existing neurofibroma (most often plexiform neurofibromas in NF1) or rarely other neurogenic tumors (e.g schwannoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma, pheochromocytoma) .
Location
MPNSTs usually arise from a large nerve, and thus usually occur close to a plexus (e.g. sacral plexus/brachial plexus). Cranial nerves are rarely involved, and on the rare occasions they are, then the MPNST has usually arisen from an underlying schwannoma rather than a neurofibroma .
Genetics
Most MPNSTs demonstrate inactivation of a number of genes: NF1, CDKN2A, and PRC2 .
Macroscopic appearance
The macroscopic appearance depends both on location and on whether or not the MPNST has arisen from an underlying pre-existing tumor. They are often large (>5 cm) at diagnosis, and may demonstrate local infiltration into surrounding tissues .
Microscopic appearance
The microscopic appearance of MPNSTs is heterogeneous, varying in cellularity and growth pattern, generally including tightly packed spindle cells arranged in either a herringbone or interwoven fasciculated pattern .
Immunophenotype
Immunohistochemistry reflects their neurogenic origin, with the following immunoreactivity :
- S100: positive in 50-70% - low in high-grade MPNSTs
- p53 protein: positive in 75%
- EGFR: positive in ~35%
Variants
A number of histological variants are recognized :
- epithelioid MPNST
- MPNST with divergent differentiation (aka malignant triton tumor)
- MPNST with perineural differentiation (aka malignant perineurioma)
Radiographic features
Imaging criteria are generally considered unreliable in differentiating from a more benign neurofibroma or schwannoma . However, general rules favoring an MPNST include:
- the larger the lesion, the more likely for it to be malignant
- irregular borders (although most MPNSTs can have well-defined margins)
- rapid growth in interval imaging
MRI
- T1
- usually isointense to muscle
- a heterogeneous signal on T1 (if present) may useful in differentiating from a neurofibroma
- T2
- can have low signal due to high collagen content
Scintigraphy
Gallium scintigraphy may show higher uptake than that of a neurofibroma .
Treatment and prognosis
It is an aggressive tumor that carries a poor prognosis, with 20-25% of patients developing metastases . Poor prognostic factors include :
- NF1
- large size
- location on the trunk
- high-grade histological features
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