Nuchal fold

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The nuchal fold is a normal fold of skin seen at the back of the fetal neck during the second trimester of pregnancy. Increased thickness of the nuchal fold is a soft marker associated with multiple fetal anomalies, and is measured on a routine second trimester ultrasound.

Terminology

It should not be confused with nuchal translucency, which is measured in the first trimester.

Epidemiology

Associations

The predominant reason for measuring the nuchal fold is that it is a soft marker for aneuploidy. As an isolated finding, it has a likelihood ratio of 3.25 for Down syndrome.

Other associations include:

Turner syndrome
congenital heart disease
Noonan's syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Zellweger syndrome
Cumming syndrome
Robert syndrome
normal variant ( rare < 1% )

Pathology

The proposed etiology of increased nuchal thickness is the result of hydrops or lymphatic obstruction.

Natural course

An abnormally thickened nuchal fold or even a cystic hygroma may resolve, especially toward the third trimester; however, the risk of karyotypic abnormalities is not reduced.

Radiographic features

Antenatal ultrasound

Nuchal fold thickness of >6 mm is abnormal on a routine morphology ultrasound performed at 18-22 weeks.

The nuchal fold is known to increase throughout the second trimester in a normal pregnancy, and may be measured during a broader window of 14 and 24 weeks when required. There is some controversy regarding the normative thresholds at the earlier and later gestations - some authors advocate the use of a nomogram , others suggest that the 6 mm upper limit may be appropriate up to 24 weeks .

Technical considerations

Nuchal fold thickness is measured on an axial section through the head at the level of the thalami, cavum septi pellucidi, and cerebellar hemispheres (i.e. in the same plane that is used to assess the posterior fossa structures). One caliper should be placed on the outer edge of the skin, and the other against the outer edge of the occipital bone. The ideal angle of insonation is at approximately 30 to the horizontal. This plane is less likely to produce a false positive thickened nuchal fold.