hypotelorism

Hypotelorism refers to an abnormal decrease in distance between any two organs although some authors use the term synonymously with orbital hypotelorism meaning an abnormal decrease in the distance between the two eyes (the eyes appear too close together). The article mainly focuses on the latter.

Pathology

Associations

The majority of cases of orbital hypotelorism are associated with other anomalies. Such recognized associations include:

• aneuploidic syndromic
  • trisomy 13
• non-aneuploidic syndromic
  • holoprosencephaly (most commonly associated abnormality ) 
  • Freeman Sheldon syndrome
  • Meckel-Gruber syndrome
• non-syndromic
  • myotonic dystrophy
  • craniosynostoses
    • trigonocephaly
  • cebocephaly
  • microphthalmia
  • microcephaly

Radiographic features

Can be assessed by measuring the interocular distance/diameter (IOD) and the binocular diameter (BOD) both of which are typically reduced with hypotelorism. These are best measured in the axial plane.

See also

• hypertelorism

Siehe auch:

• Pätau-Syndrom
• Hypertelorismus
• Meckel-Syndrom
• Kraniosynostose
• Mikrozephalie
• Holoprosencephalie
• Mikrophthalmus
• Freeman-Sheldon-Syndrom
• cebocephaly
• interoculare Distanz
• binocular diameter
• Trigonocephalie

und weiter:

• orbital hypertelorism
• ethmocephaly
• binocular distance
• inter-ocular distance