spondylodiskitis
Spondylodiskitis, (rare plural: spondylodiskitides) also referred to as diskitis-osteomyelitis, is characterized by infection involving the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebrae.
Epidemiology
Spondylodiskitis has a bimodal age distribution, which many authors consider essentially as separate entities:
- pediatric
- older population ~50 years
Clinical presentation
The typical presentation is back pain (over 90% of patients) and less common fever (under 20% of patients). Patients are often bacteremic from sources such as endocarditis and intravenous drug use.
Pathology
In the pediatric age group infection often starts in the intervertebral disc itself (direct blood supply still present) whereas in adult infection is thought to begin at the vertebral body endplate, extending into the intervertebral disc space and then into the adjacent vertebral body endplate.
Risk factors
- remote infection (present in ~25%)
- ascending infection, e.g. from urogenital tract instrumentation
- spinal instrumentation or trauma
- intravenous drug use
- immunosuppression
- long-term systemic administration of steroids
- advanced age
- diabetes mellitus
- organ transplantation
- malnutrition
- cancer
Biochemical markers
Elevated serum CRP and/or ESR.
Etiology
- Staphylococcus aureus (most common; 60%)
- Streptococcus viridans (IVDU, immunocompromised)
- gram-negative organisms, e.g. Enterobacter spp., E. coli
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Pott disease)
- less common organisms
- fungal
- Cryptococcus neoformans,
- Candida spp.
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- Coccidioides immitis
- Burkholderia pseudomallei (i.e. melioidosis): diabetic patients from northern Australia and parts of Southeast Asia
- Brucella spp.
- fungal
- in patients with sickle cell disease consider Salmonella spp.
Location
- can occur anywhere in the vertebral column but more commonly involves lumbar spine
- single level involvement (65%)
- multiple contiguous levels (20%)
- multiple non-contiguous levels (10%)
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
Plain radiography is insensitive to the early changes of diskitis/osteomyelitis, with normal appearances being maintained for up to 2-4 weeks. Thereafter disc space narrowing and irregularity or ill definition of the vertebral endplates can be seen. In untreated cases, bony sclerosis may begin to appear in 10-12 weeks.
CT
CT findings are similar to plain film but are more sensitive to earlier changes. Additionally, surrounding soft tissue swelling, intervertebral disc enhancement with contrast, collections (e.g. paraspinal and psoas muscle abscesses), and even epidural abscesses may be evident.
MRI
MRI is the imaging modality of choice due to its very high sensitivity and specificity. It is also useful in differentiating between pyogenic, tuberculous, and fungal infections, and a neoplastic process.
Signal characteristics include:
- T1
- low signal in disc space (fluid)
- low signal in adjacent endplates (bone marrow edema)
- T2: (fat saturated or STIR especially useful)
- high signal in disc space (fluid)
- high signal in adjacent endplates (bone marrow edema)
- loss of low signal cortex at endplates
- high signal in paravertebral soft tissues
- hyperintensity within the psoas muscle (imaging psoas sign): this finding is ~92% sensitive and ~92% specific for spondylodiskitis
- T1 C+ (Gd)
- peripheral enhancement around fluid collection(s)
- enhancement of vertebral endplates
- enhancement of paravertebral soft tissues
- enhancement around low-density center indicates abscess formation (hard to distinguish inflammatory phlegmon from abscess without contrast)
- DWI
- hyperintense in the acute stage
- hypointense in the chronic stage
The DWI sequence can help to distinguish between the acute and chronic stages of the disease .
Nuclear medicine
A bone scan and white cell (WBC) scan may be used to demonstrate increased uptake at the site of infection, and are more sensitive than plain film and CT, but lack specificity. Not infrequently, a WBC scan demonstrates cold spots, a non-specific finding. The classic appearance on multiphase bone scans is increased blood flow and pool activity and associated increased uptake on the standard delayed static images . Gallium citrate has been used with some success but is hampered by higher dosimetry and inferior imaging characteristics (high effective dose, long half-life time, poor spatial resolution) .
PET and PET/CT
F-FDG PET has been demonstrated to possess high sensitivity in detecting spondylodiskitis. As such, infectious spondylodiskitis can virtually be excluded by a negative scan. Dual imaging with PET/CT may thus become the imaging modality of choice, especially in patients with prior surgery and/or implants, where MRI is contraindicated or hampered by artifact . Specificity is not as high , but monitoring of treatment results is possible .
Non-FDG PET/CT with Ga-citrate (an emerging, generator-based tracer) has shown promising results in pilot studies/small series .
Differential diagnosis
Possible imaging differential considerations include:
Siehe auch:
- Schmorl'sche Knötchen
- diabetisches Fußsyndrom
- tuberkulöse Spondylitis
- Discitis
- interventionelle Drainage Psoasabszess
- Modic type I degenerative change
- verschmälerter Intervertebralraum
- discitis in children
- Osteochondrosis intervertebralis
- tuberkulöse Spondylodiscitis
- Melioidose
- Unterscheidung infektiöse vs. nicht infektiöse Discitis Spondylodiscitis
- Spondylodiscitis bei Kindern
und weiter:
- Myelonkompression
- Morbus Bechterew
- Andersson-Läsion
- Gibbus
- Psoasabszess
- Myelopathie durch spinale Enge
- epiduraler Abszess
- infectious spondylitis
- epidural abscess of the cervical spine
- Arthrose Wirbelsäule
- MRT LWS
- staphylococcus aureus spondylitis
- spinal manifestations of gout
- erosive Osteochondrose
- Spondylodiscitis verheilt
- schmerzhafte Skoliose
- Spondylodiscitis mit Fistel zum Colon sigmoideum
- spinal brucellosis
- pyogenic cervicothoracic spondylodiscitis
- Hot-Disc-Zeichen
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Spondylodiscitis:
