cerebellar infarction

Cerebellar infarction is a relatively uncommon subtype of ischemic stroke. It may involve any of the three arteries supplying the cerebellum:

• superior cerebellar artery (SCA): superior cerebellar arterial infarct
• anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA): anterior inferior cerebellar arterial infarct
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): posterior inferior cerebellar arterial infarct

Epidemiology

Cerebellar infarcts account for ~2% (range 1.5-2.3%) of all cerebral infarction . However, their true incidence may be much higher, since most cerebellar infarcts are small and may remain unrecognised .

Clinical presentation

Many of the symptoms of cerebellar infarction are non-specific, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, unsteadiness and headache, and the clinical diagnosis relies on focused neurological examination and a reasonable index of suspicion. Examination findings include incoordination, ataxia and horizontal nystagmus. Patients may also present with altered conscious state or coma.

Small cerebellar infarcts frequently only present as an incidental finding on imaging studies after healing . In the symptomatic stage, they may remain unrecognized because they only present with minor or non-specific clinical findings, because MRI is not performed, or because they may be overlooked on MRI, especially if performed beyond the acute stage of restricted diffusion .

Radiographic features

Cerebellar infarcts tend to involve the cerebellar cortex .While larger cerebellar infarcts in general involve the cerebellar cortex with a varying amount of adjacent white matter ('arbor vitae'), most small cerebellar infarcts involve the cerebellar cortex in isolation, thus with sparing of white matter . These infarcts often involve the apex of cerebellar fissures, which has been referred to as the 'apex-of-fissure' or 'depth-of-fissure' sign .

CT

Typical features of infarction such as early loss of grey-white differentiation, hypoattenuation and edema, progressing to chronic encephalomalacia may be identified in the relevant vascular territories.

MRI

In the acute stage, cerebellar infarcts are first seen as hyperintense areas on DWI because of cytotoxic edema with restricted diffusion, after which they soon become hyperintense on FLAIR and T2WI as well . Brain swelling peaks at about 3 days, after which infarcts diminish in size and diffusion (pseudo-)normalizes after around 10 days (1-4 weeks) . Also around 10 days, (subacute) infarcts may become hard to identify due to a phenomenon known as “fogging” . In this stage, infarcts may also be seen as areas of parenchymal contrast enhancement, which appears around 1 week and may be visible up to 2 to 4 months after infarction. Finally, large and small cerebellar infarcts tend to heal with cavitation, leaving a CSF-filled cavity surrounded by a rim of gliosis .

Small cerebellar infarcts are often only detected as an incidental (cerebellar cortical) infarct cavity, which are most often smaller than 1 cm and typically involve the cerebellar cortex .They are easily observed on MRI (and CT) due to high intrinsic contrast between CSF within the cavity and the adjacent parenchyma. Only cortical cerebellar infarcts smaller than 0.5 cm in the DWI positive initial stage tend to become imperceptible on routine MRI scans, due to shrinkage and infarct retraction after healing .

Treatment and prognosis

The mortality related to cerebellar infarcts is higher than that of other vascular territories. This is generally due to concomitant brainstem infarction, or compressive hydrocephalus, rather than cerebellar infarction in itself. Unusual complications include:

• upward tentorial herniation

Differential diagnosis

Clinical differential considerations include

• cerebellar hemorrhage​

Siehe auch:

• Ischämischer Schlaganfall
• arterielle Versorgungsgebiete des Gehirns
• Kleinhirnblutung
• posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) infarct
• Arteria cerebelli superior
• Arteria cerebelli anterior inferior
• Arteria cerebelli inferior posterior (PICA)
• Infarkt im Versorgungsgebiet der Arteria cerebelli superior

und weiter:

• Kleinhirntumoren
• intrakranielle Thrombektomie
• transtentorielle Herniation
• posterior inferior cerebellar arterial infarction
• hyperdense artery sign - vertebral artery
• Verschluss der Arteria vertebralis
• PICA infarct with hydrocephalus
• Kleinhirn-Infarkte in einem Kind