Dura mater

The dura mater, also known as the pachymeninx (plural: pachymeninges), is the tough outer layer of the meninges that surrounds the central nervous system and is pierced by the cranial nerves, the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.

Intracranially, it is formed by two layers:

  • outer endosteal layer, continuous via the skull sutures and foramina with the periosteum
  • inner meningeal layer, continuous inferiorly with the theca of the spinal cord

These two layers are adherent except where separated by the dural venous sinuses, including the cavernous sinus, which are therefore analogous to the epidural venous plexus of the spinal canal.

As the outer layer is merely the periosteum, it surrounds the cranial bones and therefore extends into the sutures making the dura inseparable from these and thus limiting extradural hemorrhages to the sutures.

With age, the dura becomes thicker and more adherent to the overlying bones, accounting for the lower incidence of extradural hemorrhages in the elderly.

Arterial supply

The inner layer requires little nourishment. Whereas the outer layer is markedly vascular and derives its blood supply from the adherent bone. Arterial supply is therefore dependent on the site of the dura:

All these vessels course between the two layers of the dura.

Venous drainage

Lymphatic drainage

Until 2015 it was thought that the meninges lacked their own lymphatic drainage system, but since the groundbreaking work by Antoine Louveau et al, the details are gradually being teased out, although the precise anatomy of the meningeal lymphatic drainage system remains incomplete .

Innervation

Like the arterial supply, innervation is dependent on the site of the dura:

  • the dominant nerve supplying most of the supratentorial dura is the tentorial nerve (a branch of the ophthalmic nerve (CN Va) which supplies the falx cerebri, calvarial dura and superior surface of the tentorium cerebelli.
  • anterior cranial fossa
    • anterior meningeal branches from the ethmoidal nerves (CN Va)
    • meningeal branches from the maxillary nerve (CN Vb)
  • middle cranial fossa
  • posterior cranial fossa

History and etymology

"Dura mater" derives from the medieval Latin "durus" and "mater", i.e. "hard mother". This term was created by the Italian scholar, Stephen of Antioch (fl. 12 century) when he translated a work by the Persian physician Haly Abbas in the 12 century . Islamic medicine at that time conjectured that the meninges gave rise to all the membranes of the body and expressed relationships between different tissue types in terms of familial relationships (mother, son, daughter, etc.).

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