hiatus hernia
Hiatus hernias (alternative plural: herniae) occur when there is herniation of abdominal contents through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.
Epidemiology
The prevalence of hiatus hernia increases with age, with a slight female predilection.
Clinical presentation
Many patients with hiatus hernia are asymptomatic, and it is an incidental finding. However, symptoms may include epigastric or chest pain, postprandial fullness, nausea and vomiting .
Sometimes hiatus hernias are considered synonymous with gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), but there is a poor correlation between the two conditions.
Pathology
The most common content of a hiatus hernia is the stomach. There are two main types of hiatus hernia (although they may co-exist):
- sliding hiatus hernia (>90%)
- rolling (para-esophageal) hiatus hernia (<10%)
Some divide them into four types:
- type 1: sliding hiatal hernia (~95%)
- type 2: paraesophageal hiatal hernia with the gastro-esophageal junction in a normal position
- type 3: mixed or compound type, paraesophageal hiatal hernia with displaced gastro-esophageal junction
- type 4: mixed or compound type hiatal hernia with additional herniation of viscera
Subtypes
Sliding hiatus hernia
This is the most common type of hiatus hernia (~90%). The gastro-esophageal junction (GEJ) is usually displaced >2 cm above the esophageal hiatus. The esophageal hiatus is often abnormally widened to 3-4 cm (the upper limit of normal is 1.5 cm).
The gastric fundus may also be displaced above the diaphragm and present as a retrocardiac mass on a chest radiograph. The presence of an air-fluid level in the mass suggests the diagnosis.
Small, sliding hiatus hernias commonly reduce in the upright position. The mere presence of a sliding hiatus hernia is of limited clinical significance in most cases. The function of the lower esophageal sphincter and the presence of pathologic gastro-esophageal reflux are the crucial factors in producing symptoms and causing complications.
Rolling (paraesophageal) hiatus hernia
The rolling (paraesophageal) hiatus hernia is much less common than the sliding type. The GEJ remains in its normal location while a portion of the stomach herniates above the diaphragm.
Mixed rolling and sliding hiatus hernia
The mixed or compound hiatus hernia is the most common type of paraesophageal hernia. The GEJ is displaced into the thorax with a large portion of the stomach, which is usually abnormally rotated. Large paraesophageal hernias, with most of the stomach in the thorax, increases the risk for complications such as volvulus, obstruction, and ischemia .
Radiographic features
Plain radiograph
- retrocardiac opacity with gas-fluid level
Fluoroscopy
- numerous coarse thick gastric folds within the suprahiatal pouch
- tortuous esophagus with an eccentric gastro-esophageal junction
CT
- focal fat collection in the middle mediastinum
- omentum herniates through the phrenico-esophageal ligament
- may see an increase in the fat surrounding the distal esophagus
- paraesophageal hernia through a widened esophageal hiatus
- visualize contents, size, orientation of herniated stomach within the lower thorax
- herniated contents lie adjacent to the esophagus
- widening of esophageal hiatus
- dehiscence of diaphragmatic crura (>15 mm): increased distance between crura and esophageal wall
Treatment and prognosis
Symptomatic hiatus hernias, especially types 2-4, should be managed surgically .
Complications
Hiatus hernia containing the stomach may result in a gastric volvulus, which in turn presents as intestinal obstruction and may result in ischemia/infarction, or very rarely a tension gastrothorax, causing respiratory failure and eventual cardiac arrest.
Differential diagnosis
On a frontal chest radiograph consider:
- retrocardiac lung abscess
- retrocardiac empyema
- epiphrenic esophageal (pulsion) diverticulum
- phrenic ampulla
- postoperative change: esophagectomy with gastric pull-up procedure
In the setting of trauma consider diaphragmatic rupture.
See also
Siehe auch:
- axiale Hiatushernie
- Cameron-Läsionen
- upside-down-Magen
- Empyem
- Bauchwandhernien
- Lungenabszess
- gemischte Hiatushernie
- Hiatushernie im Thoraxbild
- epiphrenisches Divertikel
und weiter:
- Pleuraempyem
- Zwerchfellhernie
- Tumoren des hinteren Mediastinums
- Ösophagusbreischluck
- posterior mediastinal masses
- organo-axial gastric volvulus
- mesenteroaxialer Magenvolvulus
- Schatzki-Ring
- Magenvolvulus
- Paraösophageale Hernie
- Hiatus oesophageus
- sliding hiatus hernia
- mixed-type hiatal hernia mimicking pulmonary cystic lesion
- gastroösophageale Refluxerkrankheit
- Roviralta-Syndrom
- Achalasie und Hiatushernie
- Mediastinalverbreiterung
- type IV diaphragmatic hiatal hernia
- Ösophagus Hernie
- Saint-Trias
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Hiatushernie:
