endometrial cancer

Karzinom des
Corpus uteri, histologisch gesichert. Transversale 5/5 mm MSCT mit KM
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Cannonball
metastases (lungs) • Cannonball metastases from endometrial cancer - Ganzer Fall bei Radiopaedia
Hacking, C. Cannonball metastases from endometrial cancer. Case study, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 02 Nov 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-42003 • CC by-nc-sa 3.0 (modified)
Pelvic
endometrial carcinoma recurrence: MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging. Multiplanar post-contrast images (a...c) showed uterine body with well-demarcated, mildly heterogeneous hypointense endometrial mass (arrowheads), measuring approximately 3x2.5x1.5 cm, which did not appear to involve the cervix. No ascites and lymphadenopathies.
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Pelvic
endometrial carcinoma recurrence: MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging. Multiplanar post-contrast images (a...c) showed uterine body with well-demarcated, mildly heterogeneous hypointense endometrial mass (arrowheads), measuring approximately 3x2.5x1.5 cm, which did not extend beyond the uterus. No adnexal enlargement and lymphadenopathies.
www.eurorad.org • CC by-nc-sa-4.0
Pelvic
endometrial carcinoma recurrence: MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging. Multiplanar post-contrast images (a...c) showed uterine body with well-demarcated, mildly heterogeneous hypointense endometrial mass (arrowheads), which invaded over 50% of myometrium but not full-thickness or beyond the uterus. No adnexal enlargement and lymphadenopathies.
www.eurorad.org • CC by-nc-sa-4.0
Pelvic
endometrial carcinoma recurrence: MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging. Oblique-axial image from additional excretory-phase CT acquisition after colonic water enema confirmed hypointense endometrial mass (arrowheads) invading over 50% of myometrium but not full-thickness or beyond the uterus.
www.eurorad.org • CC by-nc-sa-4.0
Radiopaedia • CC-by-nc-sa 3.0 • de

Endometrial carcinoma is generally considered the most common gynecological malignancy. It frequently presents with vaginal bleeding. Both ultrasound and pelvic MRI are useful modalities for evaluation.

Epidemiology

Endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynecological malignancy, with peak incidence at around the 6 decade, though 12% of cases present in premenopausal women. The incidence is thought to be increasing. In the United States, there is a greater incidence among patients of European descent compared those of African American descent.

Clinical presentation

Patients commonly present at an early stage, with postmenopausal bleeding as the initial symptom (present in 90% of patients ).

Pathology

Endometrial carcinoma is divided into two subtypes - type I and type II. The majority are adenocarcinoma.

Type I endometrial carcinoma

Type I (80%) arises in the setting of unopposed hyperestrogenism and endometrial hyperplasia. It is mostly seen in obese women between 55 to 65 years old and is well-differentiated tumor with relatively slow progression and a more favorable outcome . PTEN gene mutation occurs in 30-80% of cases.

Risk factors are anything that leads to increased estrogen exposure:

  • estrogen replacement therapy
  • polycystic ovarian syndrome and anovulatory cycles 
  • tamoxifen
  • obesity
  • early menarche or late menopause
  • nulliparity
  • estrogen producing ovarian tumors, e.g. granulosa cell cancer
  • diabetes mellitus
Type II endometrial carcinoma

Type II (20%) arises in the setting of endometrial atrophy, in females between 65 to 75 years old, and endometrial intraepithelial carcinoma. p53 mutation occurs in up to 50%. This type tends to be less differentiated and spread early via lymphatics or through Fallopian tubes into peritoneum, hence it is associated with a poorer prognosis compared to type I lesions.

Histology

Histological subtypes include:

Associations
Staging

Most tumors (~80%) present as stage I disease. Endometrial cancer is one of the (less common) causes of cannonball metastases to the lung. See endometrial carcinoma staging for further information.

Radiographic features

Transvaginal ultrasound is the initial imaging investigation of choice for patients presenting with the usual symptom of a postmenopausal bleed. A thickened endometrium requires endometrial sampling.

Staging of endometrial carcinoma is based on the FIGO staging system, which is a surgical and pathological staging following total abdominal hysterectomy, salpingo-oophorectomy, lymphadenectomy, and peritoneal washings. Such radical surgery may not be suitable for elderly patients or those with co-morbidities. MRI has a role in these patients in determining tumor extent and suitable therapy.

Ultrasound

Endometrial carcinoma usually appears as thickening of the endometrium though may appear as a polypoid mass.

  • premenopausal: normal endometrial thickness varies through the menstrual cycle
    • diagnosing abnormally thickened endometrium depends on knowing what the patient's point in the menstrual cycle
  • postmenopausal: >5 mm is thickened (>8 mm if on hormone replacement therapy or tamoxifen) 

Sonographic features are non-specific and endometrial thickening can also be due to benign proliferation, endometrial hyperplasia, or polyps. Ultrasound features that are suggestive of endometrial carcinoma rather than hyperplasia include :

  • heterogeneous and irregular endometrial thickening
  • polypoid mass lesion
  • intrauterine fluid collection
  • frank myometrial invasion

Disruption of a subendometrial halo on ultrasound may be suggestive of myometrial involvement.

CT

CT has a role in assessing for distant metastases.

Although not generally used for initial diagnosis or local staging, endometrial carcinoma may be encountered on CT:

  • non-contrast CT: difficult to differentiate from the normal uterus (especially in local disease)
  • post-contrast CT: 
    • may show diffuse thickening or mass within the endometrial cavity.
    • can also have an appearance of a hypo-enhancing and hypo-attenuating mass within endometrial cavity
MRI

A dedicated pelvic MRI protocol is recommended for optimal disease extension assessment and is considered superior to CT for local staging . Contrast-enhanced MRI imaging improves accuracy in detecting myometrial invasion.

  • T1: hypo- to isointense to normal endometrium
  • T1 C+(Gd)
    • ​carcinomatous tissue will enhance less than normal endometrium
    • dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences are good for assessing the depth of myometrial invasion and delayed-phase images cervical stromal invasion
  • T2: hyperintense or heterogeneous relative to normal endometrium
  • DWI: impeded diffusion, good for assessing the depth of myometrial invasion  
FIGO stage
  • stage 1: tumor confined to the uterus 
    • stage 1a: an invasion of less than half of the myometrium
    • stage 1b: an invasion of the outer half of myometrium
  • stage 2: tumor extends to the cervical stroma
  • stage 3: tumor extends beyond the uterus
    • stage 3a: tumor invades the serosa or adnexa
    • stage 3b: tumor invades the vagina or parametrium
    • stage 3c: pelvic/para-aortic lymph node involvement
      • 3c1: pelvic lymph node involvement
      • 3c2: para-aortic lymph node involvement
  • stage 4: bladder/rectal invasion or distant metastases
    • stage 4a: tumor extends into adjacent bladder or bowel
    • stage 4b: distant metastases
Nuclear medicine

PET-CT is inferior to MRI and ultrasound in the assessment of primary tumors, especially when small or in premenstrual women where there is normally increased physiological endometrial uptake .

Treatment and prognosis

Prognosis depends on various factors including:

  • stage: depth of myometrial invasion, lymphovascular invasion, and nodal status
  • histological grade

Differential diagnosis

In early disease, the differential is essentially that of endometrial thickening:

Differential considerations for advanced lesions include:

Practical points

  • endometrial hyperplasia is a histologic diagnosis, it cannot be differentiated from early-stage endometrial carcinoma
  • postmenopausal vaginal bleeding is an important clinical sign for risk stratification of imaging findings
    • if present: endometrium >5 mm has 96% sensitivity in the detection of endometrial carcinoma
    • if not present: endometrium of >11 mm has been proposed as a threshold for endometrial biopsy  
Siehe auch:
und weiter:
Assoziationen und Differentialdiagnosen zu Endometriumkarzinom:
Leiomyofibrom
Uterus
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Uterussarkom
 
Wikipedia • CC BY-SA 3.0
maligne
Uterustumoren
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Leiomyosarkom
des Uterus
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