transitional cell carcinoma

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC), is the most common primary malignancy of the urinary tract and may be found along its entire length, from the renal pelvis to the bladder.

As imaging findings and treatment vary according to where along the urinary tract the tumor arises, each location is discussed separately.

The remainder of this article concerns itself with a general discussion of transitional cell carcinomas.

Terminology

Some prefer the more general term "urothelial cell" carcinoma (UCC) to describe malignant bladder carcinomas of epithelial origin since 25-37% of "transitional cell" carcinomas contains a mixture of histologic tissue types .

Epidemiology

Transitional cell carcinoma is typically a tumor of older patients, with the average age of presentation being 65, and the majority of patients being over the age of 60 . There is a strong male predilection (M:F = 4:1), at least in part due to many tumors (especially historically) having been due to industrial exposure (see below).

A number of chemical compounds have been implicated in the development of uroepithelial tumors, including :

  • smoking
  • azo dye/pigment manufacturing
    • beta-naphthylamine
    • 4-aminobiphenyl
    • 4-nitrobiphenyl
    • 4,4-diaminobiphenyl
  • cyclophosphamide (also causes hemorrhagic cystitis, and bladder fibrosis)
  • Thorotrast
  • phenacetin
  • aristolochic acid (Balkan nephropathy): typically result in upper urinary tract tumors
  • heavy caffeine consumption and artificial sweeteners were suggested as risk factors but most likely are not

Additionally, and acting synergistically with the above-mentioned factors is stasis, which presumably acts to prolong exposure of the urothelium to any carcinogens present in the urine. This also contributes to the higher frequency of transitional cell carcinomas in the bladder compared to the upper tracts.

Clinical presentation

Clinical presentation is variable and usually non-specific.

  • hematuria: most common presenting symptom for upper tract tumors
  • symptomatic hydronephrosis
  • palpable pelvic mass
  • strangury
  • occasionally patients only present once systemic symptoms of metastatic disease are present
Distribution

The relative frequency of transitional cell carcinomas along the renal tract varies greatly, largely as a function of the surface area of each section :

  • renal pelvis: uncommon ~2-3%
  • ureter: least common ~1%
  • bladder: by far the most common ~97%

Pathology

Transitional cell carcinomas of the have one of two main morphologic patterns:

  • papillary
    • broad base with many frond-like papillary projections
    • tend to be low grade and invasion beyond the mucosa is a late feature
  • non-papillary
    • sessile or nodular tumors
    • tend to be high grade with early invasion beyond the mucosa
  • Tumors are divided into three histological grades (see grading of TCCs). However, note should be made that stage is far more prognostically important than tumor grade .

    Variants

    Radiographic features

    The radiographic features depend on the location of the tumor, and as such are discussed individually:

    Treatment and prognosis

    Treatment options vary with the location of the tumor, but in general, require surgical excision. Installation of bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or mitomycin C may be used in selected cases as an alternative to surgery in some cases .

    A critical part of the management of patients with transitional cell carcinomas is an awareness of the high rate of recurrence due to a field effect on the urothelium. Approximately 40% of patients with an upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma will go on to develop one or more TCCs of the bladder, and approximately 2-4% of patients with a bladder transitional cell carcinoma will go on to develop one or more TCCs of the renal pelvis or ureter .

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