chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcomas are malignant cartilaginous tumors that account for ~25% of all primary malignant bone tumors. They are most commonly found in older patients within the long bones and can arise de novo or secondary from an existing benign cartilaginous neoplasm. On imaging, these tumors have ring-and-arc chondroid matrix mineralization with aggressive features such as lytic pattern, deep endosteal scalloping and soft-tissue extension.

Epidemiology

The typical presentation is in the 4 and 5 decades and there is a slight male predominance of 1.5-2:1.

Clinical presentation

Patients usually present with pain, pathological fracture, a palpable lump or local mass effect. Hyperglycemia can occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome.

Pathology

The histology of chondrosarcomas can differ according to their subtype (see below). In general, these tumors are multilobulated (due to hyaline cartilage nodules) with central high water content and peripheral endochondral ossification. This accounts not only for the high T2 MRI signal (see below) but also for rings and arcs calcification or popcorn calcification.

Grading

Chondrosarcomas are divided into three (sometimes four) grades based primarily on cellularity (see: chondrosarcoma grading).

Subtypes

Chondrosarcomas are either primary, arising de novo, or secondary and arise from a pre-existent cartilaginous mass (see: secondary chondrosarcoma).

Primary

• conventional intramedullary chondrosarcoma (or central chondrosarcoma): low, intermediate or high grade (see: chondrosarcoma grading)
• juxtacortical chondrosarcoma: low, intermediate or high grade
• clear cell chondrosarcoma
• myxoid chondrosarcoma: usually intermediate grade
• mesenchymal chondrosarcoma: usually high grade
• extraskeletal chondrosarcoma
• dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma

Secondary

Arising from pre-existing cartilaginous lesions:

• osteochondroma
  • solitary osteochondroma
  • hereditary multiple exostoses
• enchondroma
  • solitary enchondroma
  • Ollier disease
  • Maffucci syndrome

Distribution

• long bones: 45% (the reason is that the cartilage is more abundant in the long, tubular bones)
  • femur: 20-35%
  • tibia: 5%
  • upper limb (especially proximal humerus): 10-20%

• pelvis: 25% especially around the triradiate cartilage
• ribs: 8%
  • patients often younger than at other sites
  • anterior ribs/costochondral junction
• spine: 7%
  • greater male predominance 2-4:1
  • thoracic most common
  • location
    • posterior elements and vertebral body 45%
    • posterior elements only 40%
    • vertebral body only 15%
• scapula: 5%
• sternum: 2%
• head and neck (including cervical spine): 6-7%
• craniofacial: 2% (see chondrosarcoma of the skull base)
• hands and feet: rare cf. enchondromas

Radiographic features

Imaging findings vary somewhat with different subtypes but do have some general features. Below are typical imaging appearances which are best demonstrated by conventional chondrosarcomas.

In general chondrosarcomas are large masses at the time of diagnosis, usually >4 cm in diameter and >10 cm in 50% of cases.

Plain radiograph

• lytic (50%)
• intralesional calcifications: ~70% (rings and arcs calcification or popcorn calcification)
• endosteal scalloping: affecting more than two-thirds of the cortical thickness (c.f. less than two-thirds in enchondromas) 
• moth-eaten appearance or permeative appearance in higher grade tumors (see chondrosarcoma grading), e.g. myxoid, dedifferentiated and mesenchymal chondrosarcomas
• cortical remodeling, thickening and periosteal reaction are also useful in distinguishing between an enchondroma and low-grade chondrosarcoma (see enchondroma vs. low-grade chondrosarcoma)

CT

The features seen on CT are the same as on plain film, but are simply better seen:

• 94% of cases demonstrate matrix calcification, c.f. 60-78% on plain film
• endosteal scalloping
• cortical breach, seen in ~90% of long bone chondrosarcoma, c.f. only ~10% of enchondromas
• soft tissue mass: tumor cellularity, and therefore density, increases with increased grade of the tumor
• heterogenous contrast enhancement

MRI

• T1: low to intermediate signal
  • iso- to slightly hyperintense cf. muscle
  • iso- to slightly hypointense cf. grey matter (see chondrosarcoma of the base of skull)
• T2: very high intensity in non-mineralized/calcified portions
• gradient echo/SWI: blooming of mineralized/calcified portions
• T1 C+ (Gd) 
  • most demonstrate heterogeneous moderate to intense contrast enhancement.
  • enhancement can be septal and peripheral rim-like corresponding to fibrovascular septation between lobules of hyaline cartilage

Nuclear medicine

Typically chondrosarcomas demonstrate increased uptake on bone scan, seen in over 80% of cases, and usually the uptake is quite intense. This is useful in helping to distinguish low-grade chondrosarcoma from an enchondroma as the latter has increased uptake in ~20% of cases, and usually to a lesser degree (see: enchondroma vs low grade chondrosarcoma).

Treatment and prognosis

Prognosis varies with both grade and location. In general:

• grade
  • grade 1: 90% 5-year survival
  • grade 3: 29% 5-year survival
• location
  • long bones have a better prognosis than axial skeleton

Siehe auch:

• endosteal scalloping
• Periostreaktion
• Enchondrom
• kartilaginäre Exostose
• Multiple kartilaginäre Exostosen
• Ollier-Syndrom
• popkornartige Verkalkungen
• Unterscheidung Enchondrom Chondrosarkom
• Maffucci-Syndrom
• mesenchymal chondrosarcoma
• juxtakortikales Chondrosarkom
• Chondrosarkom der Schädelbasis
• ring- und bogenförmige Verkalkungen
• extraskelettales Chondrosarkom
• klarzelliges Chondrosarkom
• Chondrosarkom des Femurs
• Skelettszintigraphie
• myxoides Chondrosarkom
• permeative process
• Chondrosarkom der Kieferhöhle
• mesenchymal chondrosarcomas
• entdifferenziertes Chondrosarkom
• konventionelles Chondrosarkom
• Chondrosarkom Grading

und weiter:

• Codman-Dreieck
• Cholesterolgranulom der Felsenbeinspitze
• Meningeom
• Chordom
• Tumor Kleinhirnbrückenwinkel
• Chondrom
• Chondrosarkom der Rippen
• Riesenzelltumor
• diabetisches Fußsyndrom
• Gradenigo-Syndrom
• Karzinom des Nasopharynx
• Cavum trigeminale
• differential diagnosis of calcified pulmonary densities
• neuroradiologisches Curriculum
• Riesenzelltumor des Knochens
• Knochentumoren
• differential diagnosis for calcified masses in the mandible
• Sarkom
• Osteoklastom
• disorganised periosteal reaction
• radiologisches muskuloskelettales Curriculum
• Chondrosarkom des Clivus
• Chondrosarkom der Pleura
• cementifying fibroma
• chondroide Tumoren
• Ostitis fibrosa cystica
• secondary chondrosarcoma
• Raumforderungen im oder am Sinus cavernosus
• arrested pneumatization of skull base
• Chondrosarkom des proximalen Femurs
• low-grade chondrosarcoma
• Chondrosarkom der Skapula
• arrested pneumatisation of the skull base
• Knochenläsionen der Metaphyse
• Läsionen der Mandibula
• Chondrosarkom des Os sacrum
• Chondrosarkom des Sternums
• klarzelliges Chondrosarkom des Hüftkopfes
• Chondrosarkom des Larynx
• Pyramidenspitzen-Osteomyelitis
• sarcomatous degeneration bone exostosis
• Chondrosarkom Wirbelsäule
• Chondrosarkom Metastasen
• hyperdense pulmonale Raumforderungen
• Chondrosarkom des Zungenbeins