radiologisches muskuloskelettales Curriculum

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The musculoskeletal curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core of musculoskeletal knowledge.

Definition

Topics pertaining to bones, joints, muscles, tendons and ligaments, but excluding the skeletal structures of the head.

Anatomy

Core anatomical topics include:

Upper limb

bones and muscles: rotator cuff
joints:
regions and spaces: carpal tunnel

Lower limb and pelvis

bones and muscles
joints:
- hip
- knee
- ankle
regions and spaces: popliteal fossa

Spine and chest wall

content pending

Radiological examinations

Plain radiography is the baseline imaging modality in most musculoskeletal problems. Other common musculoskeletal imaging modalities and imaging-guided procedures include:

CT
ultrasound: rotator cuff ultrasound
MRI
arthrography

Pathology

Trauma

Bone tumors

There are a bewildering number of bone tumors. Below are listed those considered important either because they are common, or because they are important or because they have specific imaging findings. For a more complete list, please refer to: bone tumors.

bone-forming tumors
cartilage-forming tumors
fibrous bone lesions
bone marrow tumors
bony metastases
other bone tumors or tumor-like lesions:

Soft tissue tumors

Arthritides

general
degenerative
- osteoarthritis
inflammatory
- erosive osteoarthritis
- autoimmune arthritis
- seronegative arthritis:

metabolic and endocrine

Infections

septic arthritis
osteomyelitis
- pyogenic
  - Brodie abscess
- tuberculous
  - Pott Disease
- fungal
- syphilitic

Congenital and developmental

upper limb
- Madelung deformity
lower limb
- tarsal coalition
spine and chest wall
- pectus carinatum and excavatum
- rib anomalies
- scoliosis
general

Sports medicine

Sports medicine encompasses more than just musculoskeletal disease but in radiology, this is the main interaction with this specialty. The following topics concentrate on overuse injuries but bearing in mind that sports medicine encompasses some of the above topics but especially trauma. It should also be noted that many of these conditions can occur outside the sports medicine setting.

General

stress fracture
- fatigue fracture
tendon pathology
- tendinopathy
  - enthesopathy
- tendinosis
- tendinitis
- tenosynovitis
- paratenonosis
- tendon instability

Upper limb

shoulder girdle
- tendinopathy: biceps brachii long head, rotator cuff
- calcific tendinitis
- glenoid labral tear
  - SLAP tear
- adhesive capsulitis
- pectoralis major tear
- osteolysis of the distal clavicle
- quadrilateral space syndrome
- stress fracture/reaction of the proximal humerus
elbow
- overhead sport injury
  - valgus extension overload syndrome
  - ulnar collateral ligament injuries
  - posterior olecranon impingement
  - ulnar neuritis
  - flexor-pronator muscle mass injuries
  - medial epicondyle apophysitis
  - olecranon stress fractures
  - osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum
  - little leaguer's elbow
- epicondylitis
  - lateral
  - medial
- tendinopathy: distal biceps, distal triceps
- bursitis: olecranon
wrist and hand
- intersection syndrome
- de Quervain tenosynovitis
- tendinopathy - extensor carpi ulnaris
- finger pulley injuries
  - trigger finger
- triangular fibrocartilage complex tear

Thorax

costochondritis
sternoclavicular joint injury
rib stress fracture
rib tip syndrome

Pelvis and lower limb

pelvis and hip
- bursitis: trochanteric, ischial, iliopsoas
- tendinopathy: gluteus minimus/medius, tensor fascia lata
- piriformis syndrome
- sciatic nerve compression
- acetabular labral injury
- femoro acetebular impingement
- anterior hip impingement
- transient osteoporosis of the hip
- adductor injury
- iliopsoas injury
- sportsman's hernia
- osteitis pubis
- snapping hip
- stress fracture: femoral neck, pubic rami
thigh
- hamstring injury
- quadriceps injury
- meralgia paraesthetica
knee
- ligament tear: anterior cruciate, posterior cruciate, medial collateral, lateral collateral
- posterolateral corner injury
- posteromedial corner injury
- meniscal tear
- patellar maltracking
- patellar dislocation
- osteochondritis dissecans
- chondromalacia patellae
- tendinopathy: quadriceps, patellar, popliteus
- medial plica syndrome
- iliotibial band friction syndrome
- bursitis: pes anserinus, prepatellar, suprapatellar
leg
- medial tibial stress syndrome
- stress fracture: tibia and fibula
- gastrocnemius/soleus injury
- popliteal artery entrapment
ankle
- ligament injury: lateral collateral, medial collateral, syndesmosis
- ankle impingement: anterior, posterior
- Achilles tendon rupture
- tendinopathy: Achilles, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, peroneal
- bursitis: retrocalcaneal, retro-Achilles
- stress fracture: calcaneal, distal fibular, medial malleolar, talar
- sinus tarsi syndrome
foot
- stress fracture: navicular, cuboid, cuneiform, metatarsal, sesamoid
- bursitis: adventitial
- accessory navicular syndrome
- plantar fasciitis
- cuboid syndrome
- sesamoiditis
- Haglund syndrome

Curricula

curriculum
- anatomy curriculum
- imaging curricula
  - breast curriculum
  - cardiac curriculum
  - central nervous system curriculum
  - chest curriculum
  - gastrointestinal curriculum
  - gynecology curriculum
  - head and neck curriculum
  - hepatobiliary curriculum
  - intervention curriculum
  - musculoskeletal curriculum
  - obstetric curriculum
  - pediatric curriculum
  - post-mortem and forensic curriculum
  - urogenital curriculum
  - vascular curriculum
- medical student curriculum
- pathology curriculum
  - general pathology
  - systemic pathology
    - pathology of the vascular system
    - cardiac pathology
    - pathology of the hematological and lymphatic systems
    - pathology of the lung and pleura
    - pathology of the head and neck
    - pathology of the gastrointestinal system
    - pathology of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas
    - pathology of the kidney and urinary tract
    - pathology of the male genital system
    - pathology of the female genital system
    - pathology of the breast
    - pathology of the endocrine system
    - pathology of the skin
    - pathology of the musculoskeletal system and soft tissues
    - pathology of the nervous system
    - pathology of the ocular system
- physics curriculum
- radiography curriculum
  - general radiography curriculum
  - CT curriculum
  - MRI
  - ultrasound
  - nuclear medicine
  - radiation therapy