pseudogout

Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate disease (CPPD), also known as pyrophosphate arthropathy or pseudogout, is defined by the co-occurrence of arthritis with evidence of CPPD deposition within the articular cartilage.

Terminology 

The terminology regarding CPPD disease has been confusing, with chondrocalcinosis, CPPD, and pseudogout often used synonymously. Indeed, although initially described as chondrocalcinosis articularis, it is now understood that imaging findings of chondrocalcinosis do not always indicate CPPD disease .

In response, in 2011 the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) proposed a standardized terminology corresponding to clinical presentation :

  • CPPD: occurrence of calcium pyrophosphate crystals, with or without symptoms
  • asymptomatic CPPD: chondrocalcinosis +/- changes of osteoarthritis, but clinically asymptomatic
  • acute CPPD crystal arthritis (formerly pseudogout): self-limiting synovitis in the setting of CPPD
  • osteoarthritis with CPPD: typical changes of osteoarthritis in the setting of CPPD
  • chronic CPPD crystal inflammatory arthritis

Epidemiology

CPPD is commonest in patients over the age of 50. Men and women are equally affected.

Clinical presentation

Most patients with imaging findings of CPPD are clinically asymptomatic.

Acute CPPD crystal arthritis (pseudogout) presents with severe acute or subacute pain, swelling, erythema, and warmth, of one or more joints and is usually self-limited. The presentation classically resembles an acute gout attack. Unlike gout, it most commonly involves the knee and the upper joints (shoulder, elbow, wrist). Another common joint is the pubic symphysis.

Chronic CPPD crystal inflammatory arthritis presents with chronic, intermittent painful swelling in the peripheral joints of upper and lower extremities.

Pathology

The crystals are weakly positively birefringent on polarized microscopy and have a rhomboid or rod shape.

Etiology

Causes of CPPD can be divided into:

Radiographic features

CPPD has many features of osteoarthritis with an unusual distribution, for example, they tend to be symmetric in distribution and involve non-weight bearing joints or, in the hands, mainly involve the intercarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints.

Features of osteoarthritis in joints that are not commonly affected by it (i.e. non-weight bearing joints) :

Chondrocalcinosis can occur in many locations. Notable sites include:

Large subchondral cysts may be present.

It is controversial whether gout leads to calcification of articular fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage . CPPD disease can be differentiated from gout on ultrasound given that echogenic monosodium urate crystals line the surface of articular cartilage, whereas echogenic CPPD calcifications are located within the cartilage itself .

Differential diagnosis

Possible imaging differential considerations include

See also

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