congenital pulmonary airways malformations (CPAM)

Congenital pulmonary airway malformations (CPAM) are multicystic masses of segmental lung tissue with abnormal bronchial proliferation. CPAMs are considered part of the spectrum of bronchopulmonary foregut malformations.

Terminology

Until recently they were described as congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations (CCAM).

Epidemiology

They account for ~25% of congenital lung lesions. The estimated incidence is approximately 1:1500-4000 live births and there is a male predominance.

Clinical presentation

The diagnosis is usually either made on antenatal ultrasound, or in the neonatal period on the investigation of progressive respiratory distress . If large, they may cause pulmonary hypoplasia, with resultant poor prognosis.

In cases where the abnormality is small, the diagnosis may not be made for many years or even until adulthood. When it does become apparent, it is usually as a result of recurrent chest infection .

Pathology

The condition results from failure of normal bronchoalveolar development with a hamartomatous proliferation of terminal respiratory units in a gland-like pattern (adenomatoid) without proper alveolar formation.

Histologically, they are characterized by adenomatoid proliferation of bronchiole-like structures and macro- or microcysts lined by columnar or cuboidal epithelium and absence of cartilage and bronchial glands.

These lesions have intracystic communications and, unlike bronchogenic cysts, can also have a connection to the tracheobronchial tree.

Subtypes

Five subtypes are currently classified, mainly according to cyst size:

• type I
  • most common: 70% of cases
  • large cysts
  • one or more dominant cysts: 2-10 cm in size
  • may be surrounded by smaller cysts
• type II
  • 15-20% of cases
  • cysts are <2 cm in diameter
  • associated with other abnormalities
    • renal agenesis or dysgenesis
    • pulmonary sequestration
    • congenital cardiac anomalies
• type III
  • ~10% of cases
  • microcysts: <5 mm in diameter
  • typically involves an entire lobe
  • has a poorer prognosis
• type IV
  • unlined cyst
  • typically affects a single lobe
  • indistinguishable from type I on imaging
• type 0
  • very rare, lethal postnatally
  • acinar dysgenesis or dysplasia
  • represents global arrest of lung development

Location

Lesions are usually unilateral and involve a single lobe. Although there is no well-documented lobar predilection, they appear less frequently in the middle lobe .

Associations

• hybrid lesion: i.e. CPAM and pulmonary sequestration
• renal agenesis
• polyhydramnios
• hydrops fetalis
• lung malignancy
  • ~10% of pediatric lung cancers have a history of CPAM
  • bronchoalveolar carcinoma associated with type 1 CPAM
  • pleuropulmonary blastoma associated with type 4 CPAM

Radiographic features

The appearance of CPAMs will vary depending on the type.

Antenatal ultrasound

CPAM appears as an isolated cystic or solid intrathoracic mass. A solid thoracic mass is usually indicative of a type III CPAM and is typically hyperechoic. There can be a mass effect where the heart may appear displaced to the opposite side. Alternatively, the lesion may remain stable in size, or even regress .

Hydrops fetalis and polyhydramnios may develop and may be detected on ultrasound as ancillary sonographic features .

Plain radiograph

Chest radiographs in type I and II CPAMs may demonstrate a multicystic (air-filled) lesion. Large lesions may cause a mass effect with resultant mediastinal shift, depression, and even inversion of the diaphragm. In the early neonatal period, the cysts may be completely or partially fluid-filled, in which case the lesion may appear solid or with air-fluid levels. Lesions may change in size on interval imaging (expand from collateral ventilation via pores of Kohn). Type III lesions appear solid.

CT

CT has a number of roles in the management of CPAMs. First, it more accurately delineates the location and extent of the lesion. Secondly, and most important in surgical candidates, CT angiography is able to identify systemic arterial supply if present.

Appearance reflects the underlying type, and a type III lesion can appear as a consolidation.

Treatment and prognosis

There can be a wide spectrum of prognosis.

Surgery (elective lobectomy) is the treatment of choice in symptomatic patients, both in those presenting early with respiratory compromise and in those presenting later with recurrent infections . Type I lesions have the best prognosis.

In the setting of a small stable asymptomatic lesion, surgical excision is more controversial. Advocates for excision quote the reported risk of developing malignancies within the lesion (see above). An alternative approach is to watch and wait. There are reports of spontaneous regression, particularly in those serially followed up on antenatal ultrasound .

Complications

Potential postnatal complications include:

• recurrent pneumothorax
• hemopneumothorax
• pyopneumothorax
• possible incidence of certain malignancies, which include :
  • bronchoalveolar carcinoma
  • bronchogenic carcinoma
  • pleuropulmonary blastoma
  • rhabdomyosarcoma

Potential in utero complications include:

• hydrops fetalis may rarely develop when there is severe compression of the fetal heart or great vessels
• compression of the normal fetal lung can also rarely cause pulmonary hypoplasia

Differential diagnosis

General imaging differential considerations include:

• bronchogenic cyst
  • Unilocular
  • does not usually communicate with the bronchial tree, and are therefore typically not air-filled
• pulmonary sequestration 
  • systemic arterial supply
  • hybrid lesions may present with both CPAM and sequestration features (see above)
• congenital diaphragmatic herniation
  • bowel loops within a hemithorax 
• congenital lobar emphysema (congenital lobar overinflation)
  • hyperlucent and hyperinflated lung segment
  • no cystic or solid components
• localized congenital cystic bronchiectasis

For type I lesions on CT also consider:

• cicatrisation collapse with scarring and traction bronchiectasis

Siehe auch:

• Pneumothorax
• Bronchogene Zyste
• Lungenkarzinom
• Lungensequester
• Rhabdomyosarkom
• Lungenhypoplasie
• Herzfehler
• Hydrops fetalis
• Polyhydramnion
• In Situ Adenokarzinom der Lunge
• einseitige Nierenagenesie
• Pleuro-pulmonales Blastom
• congenital cystic bronchiectasis
• kongenitales lobäres Emphysem
• hybrid lesion: CCAM - pulmonary sequestration
• pores of Kohn
• congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) / congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM)
• kongenitale Zwerchfellhernie
• bronchopulmonale Vordarmmalformation

und weiter:

• Pneumatozele
• obstetric curriculum
• multiple zystische Lungenherde
• fetal pleural effusion
• Kavernöse Lungenläsionen
• pulmonary cavity (mnemonic)
• sonographic values in obstetrics and gynaecology
• interstitielles Lungenemphysem
• Lungensequester extralobulär
• neonatal chest radiograph in the exam setting
• PIE
• echogenic fetal lung lesions
• zystische Lungenläsionen bei Kindern
• cytic lung lesions - paediatric
• hybrid lesion : paediatric chest
• intralobar pulmonary sequestration
• Pneumothorax und Fliegen
• kindliche Lungenläsionen
• CCAM (Zystisch adenomatoide Malformation der Lunge) im fetalen MRT
• Prune-Belly Syndrome with congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation
• Zwerchfelldefekte
• Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome neonatal
• intrapulmonale bronchogene Zyste