leptomeningitis

Leptomeningitis, which is more commonly referred to as meningitis, represents inflammation of the subarachnoid space (i.e. arachnoid mater and pia mater) caused by an infectious or noninfectious process.

Pathology

Etiology
Infective
  • pyogenic meningitis
    • elderly
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae
      • Listeria monocytogenes
      • Neisseria meningitidis
      • Gram negative bacilli
    • adults
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae
      • Neisseria meningitidis
      • Group B streptococcus
    • children
      • Neisseria meningitidis
    • infants
      • Streptococcus pneumoniae
      • Neisseria meningitidis
    • neonates
      • Group B streptococcus
      • Escherichia coli
      • Listeria monocytogenes
  • viral meningitis
    • Enterovirus
    • JC virus meningitis
  • mycobacterial meningitis
  • fungal meningitis

For a further discussion related to other etiological agents and other infective processes in the CNS, please refer to CNS infectious diseases.

Aseptic meningitis

Radiographic features

CT
  • may be normal
  • subtle hydrocephalus
  • hyperdensity around basal cisterns (especially in tuberculosis
  • leptomeningeal enhancement
  • complications or sources of the meningitis
MRI
  • T1: may be normal; sulci may appear less hypointense than normal
  • T1 C+ (Gd): leptomeningeal enhancement
  • FLAIR: demonstrates hyperintense signal in CSF space, especially in the sulci
  • FLAIR C+ (Gd): has shown to be more sensitive and specific than T1 C+ (Gd) sequence in spotting leptomeningeal enhancement
  • MR angiography: arterial narrowing or occlusion

Treatment and prognosis

Complications

The complications of meningitis can be remembered using the mnemonic HACTIVE.

See also

Siehe auch:
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