Nuclear medicine

Radiopaedia • CC-by-nc-sa 3.0 • de

Nuclear medicine in vivo is the practice of utilizing small amounts of radioactive substances (unsealed radioactive sources) to diagnose, monitor and treat disease. The utilization of radiopharmaceuticals offers a unique perspective on both disease and cancer treatment.

Imaging technology

imaging technology
imaging physics
i maging in practice
x-ray
fluoroscopy
- automatic brightness control (ABC)
computed tomography (CT)
- CT physics
- CT in practice
- CT technology
- CT image reconstruction
- CT image quality
  - CT spatial resolution
  - CT contrast discrimination
  - pitch
  - noise in CT
  - signal to noise ratio
- CT dose
- CT contrast media
- CT artifacts
  - patient-based artifacts
  - physics-based artifacts
  - hardware-based artifacts
    - ring artifact
    - tube arcing
    - out of field artifact
    - air bubble artifact
    - helical and multichannel artifacts
- CT safety
- history of CT
  - Godfrey N Hounsfield
MRI
- MRI physics
- MRI in practice
- MRI hardware
- signal processing
  - acquisition time
  - Fourier transformation
  - k-space
  - motion compensation
  - signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
  - spatial resolution
  - trade-offs
  - zero filling interpolation
- MRI pulse sequences (basics | abbreviations | parameters)
- MR angiography (and venography)
  - contrast-enhanced MRA
  - non-contrast-enhanced MRA
    - phase contrast imaging
    - time of flight angiography
    - TRICKS
- MR spectroscopy (MRS)
  - 2-hydroxyglutarate peak: resonates at 2.25 ppm
  - alanine peak: resonates at 1.48 ppm
  - choline peak: resonates at 3.2 ppm
  - citrate peak: resonates at 2.6 ppm
  - creatine peak: resonates at 3.0 ppm
  - functional MRI (fMRI)
    - BOLD imaging
  - gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm
  - glutamine-glutamate peak: resonates at 2.2-2.4 ppm
  - Hunter's angle
  - lactate peak: resonates at 1.3 ppm
  - lipids peak: resonates at 1.3 ppm
  - myoinositol peak: resonates at 3.5 ppm
  - MR fingerprinting
  - N-acetylaspartate (NAA) peak: resonates at 2.0 ppm
  - propylene glycol peak: resonates at 1.13 ppm
- MRI artifacts
  - MRI hardware and room shielding
    - central point artifact
    - herringbone artifact
    - inhomogeneity artifact
    - moiré fringes
    - RF overflow artifact
    - zebra stripes
    - zipper artifact
  - MRI software
  - patient and physiologic motion
  - tissue heterogeneity and foreign bodies
  - Fourier transform and Nyquist sampling theorem
- MRI contrast agents
- MRI safety
  - magnetic shielding
  - specific absorption rate
ultrasound
- ultrasound physics
- transducers
  - linear array
  - convex array
  - phased array
  - frame averaging (frame persistence)
  - ultrasound image resolution
- imaging modes and display
  - pulse-echo imaging
    - grey-scale imaging
    - time-gain compensation
    - harmonic imaging
  - real-time imaging
  - Doppler imaging
    - Doppler effect
    - color Doppler
    - power Doppler
    - B flow
    - color box
    - Doppler angle
    - pulse repetition frequency and scale
    - wall filter
    - color write priority
    - packet size (dwell time)
    - peak systolic velocity
    - end-diastolic velocity
    - resistive index
    - pulsatility index
    - Reynolds number
  - panoramic imaging
  - compound imaging
  - harmonic imaging
  - elastography
  - scanning modes
    - 2D ultrasound
    - 3D ultrasound
    - 4D ultrasound
    - M-mode
  - ultrasound artifacts
    - acoustic shadowing
    - acoustic enhancement
    - beam width artifact
    - reverberation artifact
      - comet tail artifact
        color comet tail artifact
    - ring down artifact
    - mirror image artifact
    - side lobe artifact
    - speckle artifact
    - speed displacement artifact
    - refraction artifact
    - multipath artifact
    - anisotropy
    - electrical interference artifact
    - hardware-related artifacts
      - transducer
    - Doppler artifacts
      - aliasing
      - tissue vibration
      - spectral broadening
      - blooming
      - motion (flash) artifact
      - twinkling artifact
      - acoustic streaming
  - biological effects of ultrasound
    - mechanical index
    - thermal index
  - history of ultrasound
nuclear medicine
- nuclear medicine physics
  - nuclide
- detectors
  - scintillation detectors (gamma camera)
    - photomultiplier tube
  - emission tomography
    - single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
    - positron emission tomography (PET)
- tissue to background ratio
- radiopharmaceuticals
  - fundamentals of radiopharmaceuticals
  - radiopharmaceutical labeling
  - radiopharmaceutical production
    - nuclear reactor produced radionuclides
    - cyclotron produced radionuclides
  - radiation detection
    - dosimetry
  - specific agents
    - carbon-11
    - chromium-51
    - fluorine agents
    - gallium agents
      - Ga-67 citrate
      - Ga-68
        Ga-68 DOTATATE
    - iodine agents
      - I-123
        I-123 iodide
        
        I-123 ioflupane (DaTSCAN)
        
        I-123 ortho-iodohippurate
      - I-131
      - MIBG scans
        I-123 MIBG
        
        I-131 MIBG
    - indium agents
      - In-111 Octreoscan
      - In-111 OncoScint
      - In-111 Prostascint
      - In-111 oxine labeled WBC
    - krypton-81m
    - nitrogen-13
    - oxygen-15
    - phosphorus-32
    - selenium-75
      - SeHCAT
    - technetium agents
      - Tc-99m DMSA
      - Tc-99m DTPA
      - Tc-99m DTPA aerosol
      - Tc-99m HMPAO
      - Tc-99m HMPAO labeled WBC
      - Tc-99m MAA
      - Tc-99m MAG3
      - Tc-99m MDP
      - Tc-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine
      - Tc-99m pertechnetate
      - Tc-99m labeled RBC
      - Tc-99m sestamibi
      - Tc-99m sulfur colloid
      - Tc-99m sulfur colloid (oral)
    - thallium-201 chloride
    - xenon agents
      - Xe-127
      - Xe-133
  - in vivo therapeutic agents
    - erbium-169
    - samarium-153
    - strontium-89
    - yttrium-90
- pharmaceuticals used in nuclear medicine

Imaging physics

imaging physics
imaging in practice
imaging technology
x-ray physics
- ionizing radiation
- interaction with matter
- x-ray spectrum
  - bremsstrahlung
  - characteristic x-ray
- radiation units
  - absorbed dose
    - gray
  - equivalent dose
    - sievert
- effective dose
  - tissue weighting factor
- exposure
  - entrance skin dose
  - coulomb per kilogram
- legacy units
  - curie
  - rad
  - rem
  - roentgen
  - rutherford
- radiation safety
- radiation damage (biomolecular)
- radiation damage (skin injury)
- stochastic effect
  - radiation-induced carcinogenesis
    - radiation-induced lung cancer
CT physics
MRI physics
ultrasound physics
- absorption
- acoustic impedance
- attenuation
- beam focusing
- beam steering
- decibel
- Doppler effect
- dynamic range
- focal zone
- frame rate
- gain
- line density
- piezoelectric effect
- power output
- reflection
- refraction
- scattering
- time gain compensation
- ultrasound frequencies
nuclear medicine physics
- atomic structure
- isotopes
- radioactive decay
  - alpha decay
  - beta decay
  - electron capture
  - gamma decay
  - half life
  - activity

Nuclear medicine

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