Fibröse Dysplasie

Fibrous dysplasia (FD) is a non-neoplastic tumor-like congenital process, manifested as a localized defect in osteoblastic differentiation and maturation, with the replacement of normal bone with large fibrous stroma and islands of immature woven bone. Fibrous dysplasia has a varied radiographic appearance. If asymptomatic, it does not require treatment.

Terminology

Fibrous dysplasia can affect any bone and can be divided into four subtypes  (although there is some overlap):

• monostotic: single bone
• polyostotic: multiple bones
• craniofacial fibrous dysplasia: skull and facial bones alone
• cherubism: mandible and maxilla alone (not true fibrous dysplasia)

The remainder of this article concerns itself with skeletal fibrous dysplasia. For a discussion of craniofacial fibrous dysplasia and cherubism, please refer to the respective articles.

Epidemiology

Fibrous dysplasia is found predominantly in children and young adults, with ~75% of patients presenting before the age of 30 years (highest incidence between 3 and 15 years). In polyostotic form, patients usually present by 10 years old. There is no recognized gender predilection .

Although fibrous dysplasia is usually sporadic, a number of associations are well recognized:

• McCune-Albright syndrome: in 2-3% of cases with the polyostotic form 
• isolated endocrinopathy without the full McCune-Albright syndrome precocious puberty in girls 
  • hyperthyroidism
  • hyperparathyroidism: renal stones, calcinosis
  • acromegaly
  • diabetes mellitus
  • Cushing syndrome: osteoporosis, acne
  • growth retardation
• Mazabraud syndrome: soft-tissue myxomas (rare); typically multiple intramuscular lesions in the vicinity of most severely affected bone

Clinical presentation

The condition is often an incidental finding and is usually painless. Alternatively, it may present due to bony expansion or remodeling. Morbidity may arise from compression and displacement of adjacent structures. This is particularly true in craniofacial fibrous dysplasia, where the content of the orbit or cranial nerves may be compressed.

Pathology

Fibrous dysplasia is due to developmental dysplasia and focal arrest in normal osteoblastic activity secondary to a non-hereditary mutation which results in the presence of all of the components of normal bone with a lack of normal differentiation into their mature structures.

Macroscopic appearance

Macroscopically, lesions are intramedullary and well circumscribed with abnormal whitish-grey color.

Microscopic appearance

Microscopically it manifests as large fibrous matrix with scattered curvilinear irregularly shaped trabeculae of immature, inadequately mineralized bone . There is no rimming by osteoblasts differentiating feature from cemento-ossifying fibroma. Cartilaginous islands are present in 10%, differentiating feature from chondrosarcoma.

Subtypes

Monostotic form (involving only one bone) 

This is by far the most common and accounts for 70-80% of cases . It is usually asymptomatic until 2-3 decade but can be seen throughout adulthood . After puberty, the disease becomes inactive, and monostotic form does not progress to polyostotic form.

Polyostotic form

In the remaining 20-30% of cases, multiple bones are involved. As expected this presents earlier, typically in childhood (mean age of 8 years) with two-thirds symptomatic by the age of 10.

Location

Monostotic form

• ribs: 28%, most common
• proximal femur: 23%
• tibia
• craniofacial bones: 10-25% 
• humerus

Polyostotic form 

• often unilateral and monomelic: one limb
• femur: 91%
• tibia: 81%
• pelvis: 78%
• foot: 73%
• ribs
• skull and facial bones: 50% 
• upper extremities
• lumbar spine: 14%
• clavicle: 10%
• cervical spine: 7%

Radiographic features

Plain radiograph

The appearance of fibrous dysplasia is usually smooth and homogenous with endosteal scalloping and cortical thinning . The borders are well defined and the cortex is usually intact but thinned due to the expansive nature of the lesion . Other features include:

• ground-glass matrix
• may be completely lucent (cystic) or sclerotic
• well circumscribed lesions
• no periosteal reaction
• rind sign

Pelvis and ribs

Ribs are the most common site of monostotic fibrous dysplasia. Fibrous dysplasia is the most common cause of a benign expansile lesion of a rib (see rib lesions)

• bubbly cystic lesions
• fusiform enlargement of ribs
• protrusio acetabuli

Extremities

• may lead to premature fusion of growth plates leading to short stature
• bowing deformities
• shepherd crook deformity of the femoral neck
• discrepant limb length
• Looser zones

CT

• ground-glass opacities: 56% 
• homogeneously sclerotic: 23%
• cystic: 21%
• well-defined borders
• expansion of the bone, with intact overlying bone
• endosteal scalloping may be seen

MRI

MRI is not particularly useful in differentiating fibrous dysplasia from other entities as there is marked variability in the appearance of the bone lesions, and they can often resemble a tumor or more aggressive lesions.

• T1: heterogeneous signal, usually intermediate
• T2: heterogeneous signal, usually low, but may have regions of higher signal
• T1 C+ (Gd): heterogeneous contrast enhancement

Nuclear Medicine

Demonstrates increased tracer uptake on Tc bone scans (lesions remain metabolically active into adulthood).

Treatment and prognosis

Usually, no treatment is required as the bone lesions usually do not progress beyond puberty. If a mass effect is severe, then surgical decompression may be considered. The monostotic form does not transform or progress into the polyostotic form .

Complications

Not surprisingly, bone affected by fibrous dysplasia is weaker than normal and thus susceptible to pathological fractures.

Sarcomatous dedifferentiation (osteosarcoma [most common ], fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, or rarely chondrosarcoma) is occasionally seen (< 1%) and is more common in the polyostotic form. It should be noted that many reported cases may relate to previous treatment with radiation therapy .

Differential diagnosis

Due to the variability of the appearance of fibrous dysplasia the potential differential is very long but will be significantly influenced by the dominant pattern.

• Paget disease
  • mosaic pattern bone histologically
  • radiographically may be similar
  • different demographics
• neurofibromatosis type I
  • osseous lesions are rare
  • vertebral column is the primary target
  • ribbon ribs
  • other features of the disease usually present
• osteofibrous dysplasia
  • almost exclusively in tibia with anterior bowing
  • lesion begins in cortex
  • usually seen in children <10 years
• adamantinoma
  • 80% seen in the tibia
  • may appear indistinguishable
• non-ossifying fibroma
• simple bone cyst
• giant cell tumor
• enchondromatosis
• hemangioma

Siehe auch:

• Hämangiom Schädelkalotte
• nicht ossifizierendes Fibrom
• Morbus Paget des Knochens
• Neurofibromatose Typ 1
• einfache (juvenile) Knochenzyste
• Cherubismus
• Ollier-Syndrom
• Riesenzelltumor
• Jaffé-Campanacci-Syndrom
• kraniofaziale fibröse Dysplasie
• fibröse Dysplasie der Kalotte
• McCune-Albright Syndrom
• Fibröse Dysplasie der Rippen
• Fibröse Dysplasie der langen Röhrenknochen
• Adamantinom der langen Röhrenknochen
• tibial fibrous dysplasia
• maligne Entartung fibröse Dysplasie
• fibrous dysplasia in children
• fibröse Dysplasie der Extremitätenknochen
• Transformation der Knochenmatrix bei Fibröser Dysplasie
• fibröse Dysplasie des Beckens

und weiter:

• endosteal scalloping
• Hyperostosis frontalis interna
• Aneurysmatische Knochenzyste
• Ameloblastom
• Adamantinom
• Café-au-lait-Fleck
• Hüftkopfnekrose
• Loosersche Umbauzonen
• dentigerous cyst
• Tumoren der Thoraxwand
• Auftreibung Metaphysen
• Ossifizierendes Fibrom
• Hyperostosis Kalotte
• conditions involving skin and bone
• liposklerosierender myxofibroider Tumor
• teleangiektatisches Osteosarkom
• button sequestrum
• lytic bone lesion (mnemonic)
• Fibröse Dysplasie der Schädelbasis
• idiopathische kindliche Hüftkopfnekrose
• basilar invagination (mnemonic)
• Knochentumoren
• multiple benign lucent bone lesions (mnemonic)
• Türflügelzeichen
• focal sclerotic bony lesions (mnemonic)
• differential diagnosis for calcified masses in the mandible
• lytic rib lesion (mnemonic)
• fibrous lesions
• zystische Angiomatose
• cementifying fibroma
• fibröse Dysplasie am Keilbeinflügel
• differential diagnosis of epiphyseal overgrowth
• polyostotische fibröse Dysplasie
• arrested pneumatization of skull base
• monostotic fibrous dysplasia with epiphyseal involvement
• fibrous dysplasia of the temporal bone
• monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the chest wall
• fibrous dysplasia: distal femur
• polyostotic craniofacial fibrous dysplasia in infancy
• arrested pneumatisation of the skull base
• monostotic fibrous dysplasia of the mandible
• Fibröse Dysplasie des Femur
• fibrous dysplasia of the orbital roof
• Fibröse Dysplasie des proximalen Femurs
• Knochenläsionen der Diaphyse
• fibröse Dysplasie der Mandibula
• lytische Läsionen der Mandibula
• Läsionen der Mandibula
• Mazabraud-Syndrom
• Knochendysplasie
• bony lesions without periostitis or pain (mnemonic)
• Milchglas Knochen
• Polyzystische Lipomembranöse Osteodysplasie mit Sklerotischer Leukoenzephalopathie
• fibröser Kortikalisdefekt
• Osteom des Orbitadaches
• Gnatho-diaphysäre Dysplasie
• fibrous dysplasia of the fibula
• Fibröse Dysplasie Szintigraphie
• fibrous dysplasia diffusion weighted imaging