paediatric curriculum

The pediatric curriculum is one of our curriculum articles and aims to be a collection of articles that represent the core pediatric knowledge.

Definition

Topics pertaining to pediatric radiology, including pediatric neuroradiology and fetal radiology, although there will be some cross coverage within the CNS and obstetric curricula.

Anatomy

An understanding of the anatomy of relevant structures is essential. Core anatomical topics include:

CNS

Heart and great vessels

cardiac embryology
fetal circulation

MSK

fracture description
complete vs incomplete fracture
normal ossification
centers of ossification of the elbow: CRITOE
centers of ossification of the wrist
growth plate

GU

Radiological examinations

There are some key investigations that you will probably not come across anywhere else in radiology, and some that are significantly different in pediatric patients.

Plain radiograph

Fluoroscopy

upper GI contrast study
contrast enema
intussusception reduction
micturating cystourethrogram (MCUG)

Ultrasound

hip ultrasound
pyloric ultrasound
cranial ultrasound

MRI

fetal MRI
neonatal brain MRI
pediatric brain MRI
standard sequences
- T1, T2, FLAIR, STIR, PDfs, DWI, SWI
advanced sequences
- DTI, MRS, MR perfusion, ADC, fMRI

Pathology

CNS

neonatal
- periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH)
- hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy of the term newborn
- white matter injury of prematurity
- periventricular leukomalacia (PVL)
- patterns of neonatal hypoxic-sichaemic brain injury
developmental anomalies
- agenesis of the corpus callosum
- Chiari I malformation
- Chiari II malformation
- posterior fossa cystic malformations
- grey matter heterotopia
- lissencephaly-pachygyria spectrum
- cortical dysplasia
- polymicrogyria
- schizencephaly
- hemimegalencephaly
- holoprosencephaly
- septo-optic dysplasia
- vein of Galen malformation
brain response to injury
- white matter volume loss
- ulegyria
- multicystic encephalomalacia
- porencephaly
- hydranencephaly
ventricles
- benign enlargement of extraaxial spaces (BESS)
- ventriculomegaly
- hydrocephalus
  - obstructive hydrocephalus
  - communicating hydrocephalus
- CSF diversion techniques
  - ventricular access device (VAD)
  - VP shunt
  - endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV)
infection and demyelination
brain tumors
- posterior fossa (BEAM)
- supratentorial tumors
- intraventricular
  - choroid plexus tumors
  - SEGA (tuberous sclerosis)
- sellar and suprasellar
phakomatoses
- neurofibromatosis type I (NF1)
- tuberous sclerosis
- Sturge-Weber
- Von Hippel-Lindau (vHL)
parenchymal
- pediatric stroke
- cavernoma
trauma
- pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI)
- non-accidental head injury
spine
other
- craniosynostosis
- cholesteatoma
- orbital cellulitis
- pediatric neck masses

Chest

congenital
- sequestration
- CPAM (congenital pulmonary airways malformation)
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia
- tracheo-esophageal fistula
neonates
- respiratory distress syndrome
  - neonatal chronic lung disease
  - pulmonary interstitial emphysema
- transient tachypnea of the newborn
- meconium aspiration syndrome
- congenital lobar overinflation
infection
- round pneumonia
- bronchiolitis
- pulmonary necrosis
chronic lung disease
- cystic fibrosis
- bronchiolitis obliterans

Heart and great vessels

congenital heart disease
- cyanotic congenital heart disease
- acyanotic congenital heart disease
obstructive
- aortic stenosis
- pulmonary stenosis
- coarctation of the aorta
- interrupted aortic arch
- Marfan syndrome
- Ehler-Danlos syndrome
patent ductus arteriosus
scimitar syndrome
vascular ring
anomalous innomate artery
double aortic arch
left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery
pulmonary sling
right aortic arch

Musculoskeletal

trauma
- fracture types
  - incomplete fractures (vs complete)
  - Salter-Harris fracture
  - non-accidental injury
    - metaphyseal fracture
- injuries by location
  - upper limbs
    - elbow
    - distal forearm
      - distal radial buckle fracture
      - distal radial transverse fracture
  - lower limb
    - pelvis
      - iliac crest avulsion
      - ASIS avulsion
      - AIIS avulsion
      - ischial avulsion
    - knee
      - patellar sleeve avulsion
        Sinding-Larsen-Johansson
      - tibial spine avulsion
      - segond fracture
      - tibial tubercle avulsion
        Osgood-Schlatter disease
      - osteochondral defect
      - trampoline fracture
    - ankle
non-traumatic
- hip
  - slipped upper femoral epiphysis
  - developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)
  - Perthes disease (Legg-Calve-Perthes) (avascular necrosis)
bone lesions
- non-aggressive
  - fibrous cortical defect
- indeterminate
  - osteomyelitis
- aggressive
  - Ewing sarcoma
  - osteosarcoma
  - metastases
  - leukaema/lymphoma
- multiple bone lesions
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
scoliosis
skeletal dysplasias
- short limb skeletal dysplasia
- non-rhizomelic dwarfism (micromelic dwarfism)
- rhizomelic dwarfism
- lethal skeletal dysplasia
- limb deficiencies
  - amelia
  - meromelia
- non-limb shortening skeletal dysplasia
- osteogenesis imperfecta

Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary

congenital
- neonatal intestinal obstruction
- esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula (TOF)
- duodenal atresia
- ileal atresia
- biliary atresia
- Hirschsprung disease
- meconium plug syndrome
- meconium ileus
- anorectal malformation
intestinal malrotation
- midgut volvulus
annular pancreas
non-bile-stained vomiting
pyloric stenosis
intussusception
appendicitis
common neoplasm
- hepatoblastoma
- neuroblastoma

Genitourinary

cystic renal disease
- autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
- multicystic dysplastic kidney
glomerulonephritis
pyelonephritis
renal malformations
ectopic ureter
posterior urethral valve
urachal remnant
vesicoureteric reflux
- VUR grading
pelviureteric junction (PUJ) obstruction
vesicoureteric junction (VUJ) obstruction
neuropathic bladder
urinary tract infection
Wilms tumor
testes
cloacal anomalies
Mullerian duct anomalies

Syndromes, associations and other important topics

Curricula

curriculum
- anatomy curriculum
- imaging curricula
  - breast curriculum
  - cardiac curriculum
  - central nervous system curriculum
  - chest curriculum
  - gastrointestinal curriculum
  - gynecology curriculum
  - head and neck curriculum
  - hepatobiliary curriculum
  - intervention curriculum
  - musculoskeletal curriculum
  - obstetric curriculum
  - pediatric curriculum
  - post-mortem and forensic curriculum
  - urogenital curriculum
  - vascular curriculum
- medical student curriculum
- pathology curriculum
  - general pathology
  - systemic pathology
    - pathology of the vascular system
    - cardiac pathology
    - pathology of the hematological and lymphatic systems
    - pathology of the lung and pleura
    - pathology of the head and neck
    - pathology of the gastrointestinal system
    - pathology of the liver, biliary tract and pancreas
    - pathology of the kidney and urinary tract
    - pathology of the male genital system
    - pathology of the female genital system
    - pathology of the breast
    - pathology of the endocrine system
    - pathology of the skin
    - pathology of the musculoskeletal system and soft tissues
    - pathology of the nervous system
    - pathology of the ocular system
- physics curriculum
- radiography curriculum
  - general radiography curriculum
  - CT curriculum
  - MRI
  - ultrasound
  - nuclear medicine
  - radiation therapy