Ultrasound in practice

Ultrasound is a commonly used imaging tool.  This is a starting page for some general articles about ultrasound in practice in including common pathology and ultrasound techniques.

See also

• ultrasound (imaging technology) 
• ultrasound physics

Related Radiopaedia articles

Imaging in practice

• imaging in practice
• general radiography (adult)
  • chest radiography
    • PA view
    • lateral view
    • AP erect view
    • supine view
    • lordotic view
    • lateral decubitus view
    • expiratory chest radiograph
    • sternum lateral view
    • sternum oblique view
    • ribs AP view
    • ribs PA view
    • ribs oblique view
  • abdominal radiography
    • acute abdominal series
    • AP supine view
    • PA erect view
    • lateral decubitus view
    • dorsal decubitus view
    • PA prone view
    • lateral view
    • oblique views
  • upper limb radiography
    • shoulder girdle radiography
      • scapula series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
        • coracoid view
      • shoulder series
        • AP view
        • internal rotation view
        • external rotation view
        • superoinferior axial view
        • inferosuperior axial view
        • Westpoint view
        • Velpeau view
        • modified trauma axial
        • supine lateral
        • modified supine lateral
        • Y lateral view
        • AP glenoid view
        • apical oblique view (Garth view)
        • humerus (neck) AP view
        • humerus axial (bicipital groove) view (Fisk view)
        • outlet view (Neer view)
        • Stryker notch view
      • acromioclavicular joint series
        • AP view
        • arm abducted view
        • AP weight bearing view
        • Zanca view
      • clavicle series
        • AP view
        • axial view
        • oblique view
      • sternoclavicular joint series
        • PA view
        • oblique view
        • serendipity view
        • lateral sternal view
    • arm and forearm radiography
      • humerus series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
      • elbow series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
        • supracondylar AP view
        • acute flexion AP
        • inferosuperior view
        • Coyle's view
        • external oblique view
        • medial oblique view
      • forearm series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
    • wrist and hand radiography
      • wrist series
        • PA view
        • lateral view
        • horizontal beam lateral view
        • oblique view
        • carpal tunnel view
        • trapezium view
        • pisiform view
        • PA radial deviation view
        • carpal bridge view
      • scaphoid series
        • PA view
        • PA axial view
        • oblique view
        • lateral view
      • hand series
        • PA view
        • DP oblique view
        • lateral view
        • ball-catcher view (Norgaard view)
      • thumb series
        • AP/PA view
        • lateral view
        • oblique view
      • fingers series
        • PA view
        • lateral view
        • oblique view
      • rheumatology hands series
        • both hands PA view
        • ball-catcher view (Norgaard view)
      • bone age series
  • lower limb radiography
    • pelvic girdle radiography
      • pelvis series
        • AP view
        • frog leg view
        • outlet view
        • inlet view
        • oblique acetabular view (Judet view)
        • flamingo view
      • hip series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
        • horizontal beam lateral view
        • clements-nakayama view
        • frog leg view
        • Dunn view
        • Von Rosen view
      • sacroiliac joint series
        • AP view
        • PA view
        • PA oblique view
        • AP oblique view
        • AP view
    • thigh and leg radiography
      • femur series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
      • knee series
        • AP view
        • oblique view
        • lateral view
        • horizontal beam lateral view
        • AP weight-bearing view
        • intercondylar view
        • Rosenberg view
        • skyline Laurine view
        • skyline Merchant view
      • tibia/fibula series
        • AP view
        • lateral view
    • ankle and foot radiography
      • ankle series
        • AP view
        • AP mortise view
        • lateral view
        • horizontal beam lateral view
        • AP stress views
      • foot series
        • AP view
        • oblique view
        • lateral view
        • weight-bearing view
      • calcaneus series
        • axial view
        • lateral view
      • toes series
        • AP view
        • oblique view
        • lateral view
        • sesamoid view
  • skull radiography
    • PA view
    • AP view
    • lateral view
    • AP axial view (Towne view)
    • PA axial view (Caldwell view)
    • occipitomental view (Waters view)
    • acanthioparietal view (reverse waters view)
    • occipitomental 30º view (Titterington view)
    • submentovertex (SMV) view
  • paranasal sinus and facial bone radiography
    • facial bones
      • lateral
      • Waters view
    • Caldwell view (angled skull PA view)
    • nasal bones
      • lateral view
      • Waters view
      • axial view
    • zygomatic arches
      • submentovertex (SMV) view
      • oblique view
      • Waters view
      • AP axial view
    • orbits
      • parieto-orbital view
      • Waters view
    • paranasal sinuses
      • lateral view
      • PA angled view (Caldwell view)
      • parietocanthal view (Waters view)
      • transoral parietocanthal view (open mouth Waters view)
      • submentovertex (SMV) view
    • temporal bones
      • axiolateral oblique view
      • AP axial view
      • Stenvers view
      • modified Stenvers view
      • temporal bones submentovertex (SMV) view
  • dental radiography
    • orthopantomography (OPG)
      • ghost image
    • mandible
      • axiolateral view
      • AP/PA view
      • AP axial view
      • submentovertex (SMV) view
    • temporomandibular joints
      • AP axial view
      • axiolateral view
      • axiolateral oblique view
  • spine radiography
    • cervical spine radiography
      • AP view
      • lateral view
      • AP oblique view
      • PA oblique view
      • cervicothoracic view (swimmer's view)
      • AP open mouth odontoid view
      • AP closed mouth odontoid view (Fuchs view)
      • lateral flexion and extension views
    • thoracic spine radiography
      • AP view
      • lateral view
      • oblique view
    • lumbar spine series
      • AP view
      • lateral view
      • oblique view
      • lateral flexion and extension views
    • sacrococcygeal radiography
      • axial view
      • lateral view
      • AP view
      • lateral view
    • scoliosis radiography
      • PA/AP view
      • erect lateral view
      • lateral bending view
• general radiography (pediatric)
  • radiographic positioning and terminology
  • systematic radiographic technical evaluation
  • pediatric immobilization
  • foreign body ingestion series
  • foreign body inhalation series
  • chest radiography
    • PA view
    • AP erect view
    • lateral view
    • supine view
    • neonate supine view
    • neonate cross-table lateral view
  • abdominal radiography
    • supine view
    • PA erect view
    • neonate supine view
    • lateral decubitus view
    • neonate cross-table lateral view
    • horizontal beam lateral view
  • pelvic girdle radiography
    • AP pelvis
    • frog leg lateral
    • hip surveillance
    • AIR view
  • upper limb radiography
    • thumb series
    • finger series
    • hand series
      • PA view
      • oblique view
      • lateral view
    • wrist series
    • elbow series
      • AP view
      • lateral view
      • horizontal beam anteroposterior view
      • horizontal beam lateral view
    • scaphoid series
    • bone age series
  • lower limb radiography
  • skull radiography
  • spine radiography
    • EOS imaging
  • skeletal survey
    • skeletal survey (NAI)
• CT
  • iodinated contrast media
    • barium sulfate contrast medium
    • contrast media and breastfeeding
    • iodinated contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis
    • contrast-induced nephropathy
    • contrast media extravasation
    • contrast allergy
      • iodide mumps
    • vicarious contrast material excretion
    • agents
      • iophendylate (Pantopaque/Myodil)
      • Lipiodil
      • meglumine iotroxate (Biliscopin)
  • CT contrast administration
    • saline flush during contrast administration
    • ECMO considerations
  • CT protocol
    • composite
      • CT polytrauma (technique)
      • CT polytrauma (approach)
      • CT CAP (chest, abdomen and pelvis)
      • CT NCAP (neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis)
    • head & neck
      • CT head
        • CT head (technique)
        • CT head (an approach)
          • emergency CT head (mnemonic)
          • subdural window
        • CT head (standard report)
      • CT venogram
      • CT stroke protocol
      • CTA circle of Willis
      • CT perfusion
        • CT perfusion in ischemic stroke
      • CT orbits
      • CT sinuses
      • CT temporal bones
      • CT neck
      • CTA carotids
    • chest
      • CT chest
      • CT pulmonary angiogram
      • CTA chest
      • HRCT
        • HRCT: expiratory
        • HRCT: prone
      • cardiac CT
        • cardiac CT (technique)
        • cardiac CT (an approach)
        • cardiac CT (standard report)
    • abdomen & pelvis
      • CT abdomen/pelvis
      • CT abdominal aorta
      • CT cholangiography
      • CT colonography
        • CT colonography reporting and data system
      • CT enteroclysis
      • CT enterography
      • CT gastrography
      • CT KUB
        • CT KUB (technique)
        • CT KUB (an approach)
        • CT KUB (standard report)
      • CT urogram
        • CT urogram (technique)
        • CT urogram (an approach)
        • CT urogram (standard report)
      • CT IVU
      • CT renal 4-phase/3-phase
      • CT renal (lesion characterization)
      • CT renal split bolus
      • CTA mesenteric vessels
      • CT pancreas
      • CT liver
        • three phase
        • four-phase
    • skeletal
      • CT cervical spine
      • CT thoracolumbar spine
      • CT whole spine
      • CT shoulder
      • CT pelvis
      • CT hip
      • CT knee
      • CT ankle
      • CT foot
• MRI
  • cine imaging
  • brain
    • screen protocol
    • stereotaxis protocol
    • tumor protocol
    • stroke protocol
      • quick stroke protocol
    • infection protocol
    • trauma protocol
    • demyelination protocol
    • epilepsy protocol
    • neurodegenerative protocol
    • trigeminal neuralgia protocol
    • posterior fossa protocol
    • temporal bone/CPA protocol
    • pineal and tectal plate protocol
    • pituitary gland protocol
    • CSF flow
    • angiographic protocols
      • MRA
        • circle of Willis (COW)
        • carotid-vertebral system
      • MRV
  • head and neck
    • orbits protocol
    • sinonasal tract protocol
    • salivary glands protocol
    • oropharynx and oral cavity protocol
    • supra-hyoid neck protocol
    • infra-hyoid neck protocol
  • chest
    • mediastinum
      • thymus protocol
    • cardiac
      • cardiac gating
      • myocarditis protocol
      • ARVC protocol
      • myocardial viability protocol
      • cardiac iron overload protocol
      • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy protocol
  • abdomen and pelvis
    • liver and biliary tree
      • liver protocol
      • MRCP: cholangiopancreatography
    • ​anus and rectum
      • anal cancer protocol
      • perianal fistula protocol
      • rectal cancer protocol
      • defecating proctography
    • ​uterus and ovaries
      • endometrial carcinoma protocol
      • endometriosis protocol
      • cervical carcinoma protocol
    • urological
      • prostate cancer protocol
      • bladder cancer protocol
      • kidneys protocol
  • musculoskeletal
    • anterior chest wall
    • shoulder protocol
    • elbow protocol
    • wrist protocol
    • finger protocol
    • hip protocol
    • knee protocol
    • ankle protocol
    • mid- forefoot protocol
    • pelvis protocol
    • sacroiliac joint protocol
• ultrasound
  • obstetric ultrasound
    • other
      • polyhydramnios
      • oligohydramnios
      • anhydramnios
      • gestational trophoblastic disease
      • retained products of conception
    • placenta
      • low lying placenta
      • placental abruption
      • placenta previa
      • vasa previa
      • abruption
      • placenta percreta
      • placenta increta
      • placenta accreta
      • circumvallate placenta
      • succenturiate placenta
      • velamentous cord insertion
      • marginal cord insertion
      • uteroplacental blood flow assessment
      • placental tumors
    • second trimester​
      • fetal biometry
        • basic biometry
          • biparietal diameter (BPD)
          • head circumference (HC)
          • abdominal circumference (AC)
          • femur length (FL)
      • fetal morphology assessment
        • fetal echocardiography views
      • soft markers
        • nuchal fold thickness
        • ventriculomegaly
        • absent nasal bone
          • hypoplastic nasal bone
        • echogenic intracardiac focus
        • choroid plexus cysts
        • echogenic bowel
        • aberrant right subclavian artery
      • amnioreduction
      • echogenic fetal bowel
      • umbilical artery Doppler assessment
        • absent umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
        • reversal of umbilical arterial end diastolic flow
    • chorionic villus sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis
    • nuchal translucency
    • failed early pregnancy
    • subchorionic hematoma
    • multiple gestations
      • monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancy
      • monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy
      • dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy
        • twin peak sign
    • ectopic pregnancy
      • tubal ectopic
      • interstitial or cornual ectopic
      • cervical ectopic
      • ovarian ectopic
      • abdominal ectopic
      • heterotopic pregnancy
      • Cesarean scar ectopic
    • first trimester and early pregnancy
      • gestational sac
        • double decidual sac sign
        • intradecidual sac sign
        • mean sac diameter
        • empty gestational sac
        • pseudogestational sac
      • yolk sac
      • embryo/fetus
        • crown-rump length (CRL)
        • fetal heart rate
          • fetal tachycardia
          • fetal bradycardia
          • fetal bradyarrhythmia(s)
        • physiologic gut herniation
        • embryonic rhombencephalon
      • amnion
      • chorion
      • Beta-hCG levels
  • gynecologic ultrasound
    • acute pelvic pain
    • chronic pelvic pain
    • uterus
      • deep endometriosis (transvaginal ultrasound)
      • intrauterine device
        • tubal occlusion device
        • IUD perforation
      • endometritis
      • endometrial fluid
      • endometrial polyp
      • endometrial carcinoma
      • endometrial hyperplasia
      • endometrial thickness
        • abnormal endometrial thickness differential
      • myometrium
        • fibroids
        • adenomyosis
        • lipoleiomyoma
        • leiomyosarcoma
        • c-section scar
      • Mullerian duct anomalies
        • Mullerian agenesis or hypoplasia
        • unicornuate uterus
        • uterus didelphys
        • bicornuate uterus
        • septate uterus
        • arcuate uterus
        • DES-related uterine abnormalities
    • ovaries
      • ovarian torsion
      • pelvic inflammatory disease
        • tubo-ovarian abscess complex
      • ovarian cysts and masses
        • ovarian cyst
        • corpus luteum
        • hemorrhagic ovarian cyst
        • ruptured ovarian cyst
        • endometrioma
        • serous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
        • mucinous cystadenoma and cystadenocarcinoma
        • dermoid
        • fibroma
        • thecoma
        • fibrothecoma
        • granulosa cell tumor
        • metastasis
      • paraovarian cyst
      • polycystic ovaries
      • ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
      • post-hysterectomy ovary
    • cervix
      • cervical stenosis
      • cervical polyp
      • cervical cancer
      • cervical fibroid
    • fallopian tube
      • hydrosalpinx
      • pyosalpinx
      • hematosalpinx
      • torsion
    • other
      • pelvic congestion syndrome
      • peritoneal inclusion cyst
  • vascular ultrasound
    • carotids
      • internal carotid artery
      • cartoid stenosis
    • extremities
      • ankle brachial index
    • mesenteric vessels
      • chronic mesenteric ischemia
    • ​other
      • fibrin sheath
      • tardus parvus
  • breast ultrasound
    • benign and malignant characteristics of breast lesions at ultrasound
    • hyperechoic breast lesions on ultrasound
    • differential diagnosis of dilated ducts on breast imaging
  • musculoskeletal ultrasound
    • technique/artifacts
      • anisotropy
    • ultrasound of arthropathies
      • musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
    • skin/soft tissue ultrasound
      • lipoma
      • parasitic infection
        • scrotal filariasis
        • filarial dance sign
    • other
      • sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes
      • sonography of peripheral nerves
    • pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound
      • ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip
        • alpha angle
        • beta angle
    • ankle/foot ultrasound
      • Morton neuroma
    • knee ultrasound
      • Baker cyst (popliteal cyst)
      • infrapatellar bursitis
    • hip ultrasound
      • Morel-Lavallee lesion
    • hand ultrasound
      • gamekeeper thumb
      • glomus tumor
    • wrist ultrasound
      • anterior interosseous nerve syndrome
      • carpal tunnel syndrome
      • ganglion cyst
    • elbow ultrasound
      • medial epicondylitis
      • ulnar nerve dislocation
      • snapping triceps syndrome
      • lateral epicondylitis
    • shoulder ultrasound
      • sonographic evaluation of rotator cuff tears
  • liver ultrasound
    • liver
      • focal
        • hyperechoic liver lesions
        • hypoechoic halo sign / target lesions
        • simple hepatic cyst
        • hepatic hemangioma
        • focal nodular hyperplasia
        • hepatic adenoma
        • hepatic metastases
        • hepatic abscess
      • diffuse
        • acute hepatitis
        • cirrhosis
        • hyperechoic liver
          • diffuse hepatic steatosis
        • coarsened hepatic echotexture
        • generalized decrease in hepatic echogenicity
        • "starry sky appearance" of the liver
      • hepatic vasculature
        • normal hepatic vein Doppler
        • portal hypertension
        • portal vein thrombosis
        • developed collaterals / portosystemic shunts
      • other
        • hepatic trauma on ultrasound
    • liver transplant
      • hepatic arterial resistive index
    • biliary
      • choledocholithiasis
      • dilated intrahepatic bile ducts
      • bile duct wall thickening
      • cholangiocarcinoma
      • Mirizzi syndrome
  • gallbladder ultrasound
    • diffuse gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
    • focal gallbladder wall thickening (differential)
    • gallstones
      • twinkling artifact
      • wall-echo-shadow sign
    • gallbladder sludge
      • hepatisation of the gallbladder
    • acute cholecystitis
      • acalculous cholecystitis
      • gangrenous cholecystitis
      • perforated gallbladder
      • emphysematous cholecystitis
      • hemorrhagic cholecystitis
    • chronic cholecystitis
    • gallbladder polyp
      • benign vs malignant gallbladder polyps
      • cholesterol polyps
      • adenoma
      • inflammatory polyps
    • gallbladder cholecystoses
      • adenomyomatosis
      • gallbladder wall cholesterolosis
        • strawberry gallbladder
    • porcelain gallbladder
    • gallbladder carcinoma
    • gallbladder metastases
    • gallbladder lymphoma
    • gallbladder volvulus / torsion
    • variants
      • phrygian cap
      • agenesis
      • duplication
    • variants and anomalies
      • phrygian cap
      • agenesis
      • duplication
  • pancreatic ultrasound
    • pancreatitis
      • acute 
      • chronic
      • pseudocyst
    • pancreatic necrosis
    • pancreatic abscess
    • pancreatic carcinoma
    • pancreatic endocrine tumors / islet cell tumors
    • cystic pancreatic neoplasms
    • intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
    • pancreatic metastases
    • pancreatic lymphoma
    • pancreatic trauma
    • pancreas transplant
  • gastrointestinal ultrasound
    • appendicitis
    • hyperechoic bowel
    • inguinal hernia
  • renal ultrasound
    • hydronephrosis
    • renal stone
    • focal lesion
      • renal cyst
      • autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
      • renal cell carcinoma
      • urothelial cell carcinoma / transitional cell carcinoma
      • angiomyolipoma
    • diffuse
      • pyelonephritis
      • renal abscess
    • renal vascular
      • renal artery stenosis
    • renal transplant ultrasound
      • renal artery stenosis
      • renal vein thrombosis
      • pseudoaneurysm
      • arteriovenous fistula
    • other
      • renal trauma
  • bladder ultrasound
    • bladder wall thickening
      • urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
      • bladder outlet obstruction
      • neurogenic bladder
      • infectious cystitis
      • cystitis following radiation or chemotherapy
    • bladder diverticulum
    • bladder calculi
    • ureterocele
    • pseudoureterocele
    • schistosomiasis
  • testicular and scrotal ultrasound
    • other
      • polyorchidism
      • cryptorchidism
      • tubular ectasia of the rete testis
      • cystadenoma of the rete testis
      • testicular sarcoidosis
      • testicular tuberculosis
      • spermatic cord lipoma
      • scrotal leiomyosarcoma
      • fibrous pseudotumor of the scrotum
      • testicular adrenal rest tumors (TARTs)
      • splenogonadal fusion
      • inguinal hernia
    • epididymis
      • epididymo-orchitis
      • epididymal abscess
      • epididymal head cyst
      • torsion of the epididymal appendix
      • adenomatoid tumor
    • paratesticular lesions
      • hydrocele
      • spermatocele
      • haematocele
      • scrotoliths
      • cyst of the tunica albuginea
      • varicocele
    • bilateral testicular lesion
      • testicular microlithiasis
      • testicular lymphoma
      • metastases to the testicle
    • unilateral testicular lesion
      • testicular torsion
      • orchitis
      • testicular rupture
      • germ cell tumor of the testis
        • testicular seminoma
        • non seminomatous germ cell tumors
          • mixed germ cell tumor
          • yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
          • embryonal cell carcinoma
          • choriocarcinoma
          • testicular teratoma
          • testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
        • burned out testis tumor
      • sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis
        • Leydig cell tumor
  • prostate ultrasound
    • transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
    • prostate carcinoma
    • prostatitis
  • other lower genitourinary ultrasound
    • urachal cyst
    • urethra
    • penis
      • Peyronie's disease
      • priapism
  • neck and thyroid ultrasound
    • thyroid
      • multinodular goiter
      • colloid cyst
      • thyroglossal duct cyst
    • parathyroid
  • echocardiography
    • echocardiographic modalities
      • transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
      • transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
      • three dimensional (3D) echocardiography
      • epicardial echocardiography
      • contrast enhanced echocardiography
      • fetal echocardiography
      • speckle tracking echocardiography
    • physics and imaging modes
      • grey-scale (B-mode)
      • motion mode (M-mode)
      • color flow Doppler (CFD)
      • spectral Doppler
        • pulsed wave Doppler (PWD)
        • continuous wave Doppler (CWD)
      • superb microvascular imaging (SMI)
      • tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)
    • left ventricular systolic and diastolic function
      • structure and morphology
      • systolic function
        • ejection fraction (EF)
        • global longitudinal strain (GLS)
        • wall motion score index (WMSI)
        • cardiac output
        • depressed LV systolic function
      • diastolic function
        • mitral inflow pulsed wave Doppler
        • pulmonary venous Doppler
        • mitral annular tissue Doppler imaging
        • diastolic dysfunction
    • right ventricular assessment
      • structure and morphology
      • right ventricular (RV) dysfunction
    • right and left atria
      • right atrial enlargement
      • left atrial enlargement
    • valvular structure and function
      • mitral valve
        • mitral regurgitation
        • mitral stenosis
      • aortic valve
        • aortic stenosis
        • aortic regurgitation
      • pulmonic valve
        • pulmonic regurgitation
        • pulmonic stenosis
      • tricuspid valve
        • tricuspid regurgitation
        • tricuspid stenosis
    • hemodynamics
      • cardiac tamponade
      • ventricular interdependence
      • dynamic left ventricular outflow tract obstruction
      • differentiation of shock states
        • focus assessed transthoracic echocardiography
    • pericardium
      • pericardial effusion
      • constrictive pericarditis
    • cardiomyopathies
      • restrictive cardiomyopathy
      • hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
      • left ventricular non-compaction
      • arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
      • dilated cardiomyopathy
    • congenital heart disease
      • echocardiographic approach
      • deductive echocardiography
    • great vessels
      • thoracic aorta
        • thoracic aortic aneurysm
        • thoracic aortic dissection
      • main pulmonary artery
        • pulmonary embolism
      • inferior vena cava
        • collapsability index
        • distensibility index
      • superior vena cava
  • pediatric ultrasound
    • intussusception
    • appendicitis
    • vesicoureteric reflux grading
    • transcranial ultrasound
  • ultrasound interventions
    • ultrasound-guided biopsy
      • fine needle aspiration (FNA)
        • cell block cytology
        • gene expression classifier
      • core biopsy
      • ultrasound-guided renal biopsy
      • ultrasound-guided breast biopsy
      • ultrasound-guided liver biopsy
      • ultrasound-guided biopsy of a peripheral soft tissue mass
    • ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
      • thoracentesis
    • ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal interventions
      • joint injection
      • nerve blocks
        • interscalene brachial plexus block
    • ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation
  • contrast-enhanced ultrasound
    • liver
      • hepatic metastasis
      • cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma
      • cholangiocarcinoma
      • hepatocellular carcinoma
      • hepatic adenoma
      • focal nodular hyperplasia
      • hepatic hemangioma
    • kidney
      • renal cell carcinoma
      • complex renal cysts
      • angiomyolipoma
      • ischemia/infarction
• nuclear medicine
• radiation therapy
  • external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)
    • conventional (2D) radiation therapy
    • 3D conformal radiation therapy
    • intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
      • rotational/helical/arc IMRT
    • stereotactic radiosurgery
      • stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SBRT or SABR)
      • CyberKnife
      • Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS)
    • electron therapy
    • particle (hadronic) therapy
      • proton therapy
      • neutron therapy
      • heavy charged particle therapy
      • pion therapy
  • sealed source radiation therapy (brachytherapy)
    • balloon breast brachytherapy (BBB)
  • unsealed source radiation therapy
    • selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT)
    • iodine (I-131)
• interventional
  • procedure overview
    • ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
    • ultrasound-guided biopsy
    • percutaneous tumor ablation
      • radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
      • microwave ablation (MWA)
      • irreversible electroporation (IRE)
    • indirect arthrography
    • fine-needle aspiration (FNA)
      • cellblock cytology
      • gene expression classifier
      • Thyroseq
    • CT-guided percutaneous drainage
    • CT-guided biopsy
    • Seldinger technique
  • neck
    • thyroid gland
      • thyroid gland FNA
  • breast
    • breast biopsy (ultrasound-guided)
    • breast biopsy (stereotactic)
  • chest
    • thoracic biopsy (CT-guided)
    • preoperative pulmonary nodule localization
    • thoracentesis (pleural tap)
  • hepatobiliary
    • liver
      • liver biopsy - percutaneous
      • liver biopsy - transjugular
      • selective internal radiation therapy (SIRT)
      • transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)
    • biliary system
      • cholecystotomy - percutaneous
      • percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC)
      • transhepatic biliary drainage - percutaneous
  • splenic interventions
    • splenic biopsy
  • gastrointestinal
    • stomach
      • percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
  • urogenital
    • bladder
      • cystolithotomy
    • kidney
      • nephrostomy
        • percutaneous nephrostomy
        • percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL)
        • percutaneous nephrostomy salvage and tube exchange
      • renal biopsy
        • pyelostomy
        • renal biopsy - transjugular
        • renal biopsy - percutaneous
      • extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
    • prostate
      • prostate biopsy
      • transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
  • musculoskeletal
    • arthrogram
      • MR arthrogram
      • CT arthrogram 
      • anesthetic arthrogram
    • bone biopsy (CT-guided)
  • upper limb
    • shoulder
      • median nerve block
      • acromioclavicular joint injection
      • glenohumeral joint injection
        • glenohumeral (shoulder) arthrography
        • glenohumeral (shoulder) hydrodilatation
      • long head of biceps tendon sheath injection
      • rotator cuff calcific tendinitis barbotage
      • subacromial (subdeltoid) bursal injection
    • elbow
      • common extensor origin microtenotomy
      • common flexor origin microtenotomy
      • distal biceps tendon sheath injection
      • elbow joint injection
      • median nerve injection
      • ulnar nerve injection
  • lower limb
    • hip
      • hip joint injection (technique)
      • greater trochanteric bursa injection
      • gluteus minimus/ medius tendon calcific tendinopathy barbotage
      • iliopsoas tendon bursa injection
      • lateral cutaneous femoral nerve of the thigh injection
      • piriformis injection
      • common hamstrings origin injections
    • knee
      • common peroneal (fibular) nerve injection
      • knee joint injection
      • patella tendon microtenotomy
      • quadriceps tendon microtenotomy
      • tibial nerve injection
    • ankle
      • achilles hydrodilation & microtenotomy
      • ankle joint injection
      • extensor tendon sheath injection
      • flexor tendon sheath injection
      • os trigonum injection
      • peroneal tendon sheath injection
      • subtalar joint injection
      • tibial nerve injection
    • foot
      • calcaneocuboid joint injection
      • metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injection
      • naviculocuneiform joint injection
      • plantar fascia microtenotomy
      • subtalar joint injection
      • talonavicular joint injection
      • tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) injection
  • spine
    • spinal interventional procedures (general)
      • epidural blood patch
      • facet joint injection
      • fluoroscopy-guided lumbar puncture
      • sacroiliac joint injection
      • spinal epidural injection
        • caudal epidural injection
        • interlaminar epidural injection
          • cervical interlaminar epidural injection
          • lumbar interlaminar epidural injection
        • transforaminal epidural steroid injection
      • ​transforaminal nerve root injection
      • ​vertebroplasty
    • vascular
      • venous
        • intravenous cannulation (ultrasound-guided)
        • inferior vena cava filter