Spine radiography

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Spine radiography is utilized in both trauma and general imaging. Spine radiography explores the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions. In more specialized departments, full-length spine radiography via projectional, CT, or slit-beam digital radiography is still frequently utilized in the diagnosis and management of scoliosis.

Imaging in practice

i maging in practice
general radiography (adult)
- chest radiography
- abdominal radiography
- upper limb radiography
  - shoulder girdle radiography
    - scapula series
      - AP view
      - lateral view
      - coracoid view
    - shoulder series
      - AP view
      - internal rotation view
      - external rotation view
      - superoinferior axial view
      - inferosuperior axial view
      - Westpoint view
      - Velpeau view
      - modified trauma axial
      - supine lateral
      - modified supine lateral
      - Y lateral view
      - AP g lenoid view
      - apical oblique view (Garth view)
      - humerus (neck) AP view
      - humerus axial (bicipital groove) view (Fisk view)
      - outlet view (Neer view)
      - Stryker notch view
    - acromioclavicular joint series
      - AP view
      - arm abducted view
      - AP weight bearing view
      - Zanca view
    - clavicle series
      - AP view
      - axial view
      - oblique view
    - sternoclavicular joint series
  - arm and forearm radiography
    - humerus series
      - AP view
      - lateral view
    - elbow series
      - AP view
      - lateral view
      - supracondylar AP view
      - acute flexion AP
      - inferosuperior view
      - Coyle's view
      - external oblique view
      - medial oblique view
    - forearm series
      - AP view
      - lateral view
  - wrist and hand radiography
    - wrist series
      - PA view
      - lateral view
      - horizontal beam lateral view
      - oblique view
      - carpal tunnel view
      - trapezium view
      - pisiform view
      - PA radial deviation view
      - carpal bridge view
    - scaphoid series
    - hand series
    - thumb series
    - fingers series
    - rheumatology hands series
      - b oth hands PA view
      - ball-catcher view (Norgaard view)
    - bone age series
- lower limb radiography
  - pelvic girdle radiography
    - pelvis series
    - hip series
    - sacroiliac joint series
  - thigh and leg radiography
  - ankle and foot radiography
- skull radiography
  - PA view
  - AP view
  - lateral view
  - AP axial view (Towne view)
  - PA axial view (Caldwell view)
  - occipitomental view (Waters view)
  - acanthioparietal view (reverse waters view)
  - occipitomental 30º view (Titterington view)
  - submentovertex (SMV) view
- paranasal sinus and facial bone radiography
  - facial bones
    - lateral
    - Waters view
  - Caldwell view (angled skull PA view)
  - nasal bones
    - lateral view
    - Waters view
    - axial view
  - zygomatic arches
    - submentovertex (SMV) view
    - oblique view
    - Waters view
    - AP axial view
  - orbits
    - parieto-orbital view
    - Waters view
  - paranasal sinuses
    - lateral view
    - PA angled view (Caldwell view)
    - parietocanthal view (Waters view)
    - transoral parietocanthal view (open mouth Waters view)
    - submentovertex (SMV) view
  - temporal bones
    - axiolateral oblique view
    - AP axial view
    - Stenvers view
    - modified Stenvers view
    - temporal bones submentovertex (SMV) view
- dental radiography
  - orthopantomography (OPG)
    - ghost image
  - mandible
    - axiolateral view
    - AP/PA view
    - AP axial view
    - submentovertex (SMV) view
  - temporomandibular joints
    - AP axial view
    - axiolateral view
    - axiolateral oblique view
- spine radiography
  - cervical spine radiography
  - thoracic spine radiography
    - AP view
    - lateral view
    - oblique view
  - lumbar spine series
  - sacrococcygeal radiography
  - scoliosis radiography
    - PA/AP view
    - erect lateral view
    - lateral bending view
general radiography (pediatric)
- radiographic positioning and terminology
- systematic radiographic technical evaluation
- pediatric immobilization
- foreign body ingestion series
- foreign body inhalation series
- chest radiography
- abdominal radiography
- pelvic girdle radiography
- upper limb radiography
  - thumb series
  - finger series
  - hand series
  - wrist series
  - elbow series
  - scaphoid series
  - bone age series
- lower limb radiography
- skull radiography
- spine radiography
  - EOS imaging
- skeletal survey
  - skeletal survey (NAI)
CT
- iodinated contrast media
- CT contrast administration
  - saline flush during contrast administration
  - ECMO considerations
- CT protocol
  - composite
    - CT polytrauma (technique)
    - CT polytrauma (approach)
    - CT CAP (chest, abdomen and pelvis)
    - CT NCAP (neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis)
  - head & neck
    - CT head
    - CT venogram
    - CT stroke protocol
    - CTA circle of Willis
    - CT perfusion
      - CT perfusion in ischemic stroke
    - CT orbits
    - CT sinuses
    - CT temporal bones
    - CT neck
    - CTA carotids
  - chest
    - CT chest
    - CT pulmonary angiogram
    - CTA chest
    - HRCT
      - HRCT: expiratory
      - HRCT: prone
    - cardiac CT
      - cardiac CT (technique)
      - cardiac CT (an approach)
      - cardiac CT (standard report)
  - abdomen & pelvis
    - CT abdomen/pelvis
    - CT abdominal aorta
    - CT cholangiography
    - CT colonography
      - CT colonography reporting and data system
    - CT enteroclysis
    - CT enterography
    - CT gastrography
    - CT KUB
      - CT KUB (technique)
      - CT KUB (an approach)
      - CT KUB (standard report)
    - CT urogram
      - CT urogram (technique)
      - CT urogram (an approach)
      - CT urogram (standard report)
    - CT IVU
    - CT renal 4-phase/3-phase
    - CT renal (lesion characterization)
    - CT renal split bolus
    - CTA mesenteric vessels
    - CT pancreas
    - CT liver
      - three phase
      - four-phase
  - skeletal
    - CT cervical spine
    - CT thoracolumbar spine
    - CT whole spine
    - CT shoulder
    - CT pelvis
    - CT hip
    - CT knee
    - CT ankle
    - CT foot
MRI
- cine imaging
- brain
  - screen protocol
  - stereotaxis protocol
  - tumor protocol
  - stroke protocol
    - quick stroke protocol
  - infection protocol
  - trauma protocol
  - demyelination protocol
  - epilepsy protocol
  - neurodegenerative protocol
  - trigeminal neuralgia protocol
  - posterior fossa protocol
  - temporal bone/CPA protocol
  - pineal and tectal plate protocol
  - pituitary gland protocol
  - CSF flow
  - angiographic protocols
    - MRA
      - circle of Willis (COW)
      - carotid-vertebral system
    - MRV
- head and neck
  - orbits protocol
  - sinonasal tract protocol
  - salivary glands protocol
  - oropharynx and oral cavity protocol
  - supra-hyoid neck protocol
  - infra-hyoid neck protocol
- chest
  - mediastinum
    - thymus protocol
  - cardiac
- abdomen and pelvis
  - liver and biliary tree
    - liver protocol
    - MRCP: cholangiopancreatography
  - anus and rectum
  - uterus and ovaries
  - urological
    - prostate cancer protocol
    - bladder cancer protocol
    - kidneys protocol
- musculoskeletal
ultrasound
- obstetric ultrasound
- gynecologic ultrasound
  - acute pelvic pain
  - chronic pelvic pain
  - uterus
    - deep endometriosis (transvaginal ultrasound)
    - intrauterine device
      - tubal occlusion device
      - IUD perforation
    - endometritis
    - endometrial fluid
    - endometrial polyp
    - endometrial carcinoma
    - endometrial hyperplasia
    - endometrial thickness
      - abnormal endometrial thickness differential
    - myometrium
      - fibroids
      - adenomyosis
      - lipoleiomyoma
      - leiomyosarcoma
      - c-section scar
    - Mullerian duct anomalies
  - ovaries
    - ovarian torsion
    - pelvic inflammatory disease
      - tubo-ovarian abscess complex
    - ovarian cysts and masses
    - paraovarian cyst
    - polycystic ovaries
    - ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
    - post-hysterectomy ovary
  - cervix
  - fallopian tube
  - other
    - pelvic congestion syndrome
    - peritoneal inclusion cyst
- vascular ultrasound
  - carotids
    - internal carotid artery
    - cartoid stenosis
  - extremities
    - ankle brachial index
  - mesenteric vessels
    - chronic mesenteric ischemia
  - other
    - fibrin sheath
    - tardus parvus
- breast ultrasound
- musculoskeletal ultrasound
  - technique/artifacts
    - anisotropy
  - ultrasound of arthropathies
    - musculoskeletal manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis
  - skin/soft tissue ultrasound
    - lipoma
    - parasitic infection
      - scrotal filariasis
      - filarial dance sign
  - other
    - sonographic features of malignant lymph nodes
    - sonography of peripheral nerves
  - pediatric musculoskeletal ultrasound
    - ultrasound classification of developmental dysplasia of the hip
      - alpha angle
      - beta angle
  - ankle/foot ultrasound
    - Morton neuroma
  - knee ultrasound
    - Baker cyst (popliteal cyst)
    - infrapatellar bursitis
  - hip ultrasound
    - Morel-Lavallee lesion
  - hand ultrasound
    - gamekeeper thumb
    - glomus tumor
  - wrist ultrasound
  - elbow ultrasound
  - shoulder ultrasound
    - sonographic evaluation of rotator cuff tears
- liver ultrasound
  - liver
    - focal
    - diffuse
    - hepatic vasculature
    - other
      - hepatic trauma on ultrasound
  - liver transplant
    - hepatic arterial resistive index
  - biliary
    - choledocholithiasis
    - dilated intrahepatic bile ducts
    - bile duct wall thickening
    - cholangiocarcinoma
    - Mirizzi syndrome
- gallbladder ultrasound
- pancreatic ultrasound
  - pancreatitis
    - acute
    - chronic
    - pseudocyst
  - pancreatic necrosis
  - pancreatic abscess
  - pancreatic carcinoma
  - pancreatic endocrine tumors / islet cell tumors
  - cystic pancreatic neoplasms
  - intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN)
  - pancreatic metastases
  - pancreatic lymphoma
  - pancreatic trauma
  - pancreas transplant
- gastrointestinal ultrasound
- renal ultrasound
  - hydronephrosis
  - renal stone
  - focal lesion
  - diffuse
    - pyelonephritis
    - renal abscess
  - renal vascular
    - renal artery stenosis
  - renal transplant ultrasound
  - other
    - renal trauma
- bladder ultrasound
- testicular and scrotal ultrasound
  - other
  - epididymis
  - paratesticular lesions
  - bilateral testicular lesion
  - unilateral testicular lesion
    - testicular torsion
    - orchitis
    - testicular rupture
    - germ cell tumor of the testis
      - testicular seminoma
      - non seminomatous germ cell tumors
        mixed germ cell tumor
        
        yolk sac tumor (endodermal sinus tumor)
        
        embryonal cell carcinoma
        
        choriocarcinoma
        
        testicular teratoma
        
        testicular epidermoid (teratoma with ectodermal elements only)
      - burned out testis tumor
    - sex cord / stromal tumors of the testis
      - Leydig cell tumor
- prostate ultrasound
- other lower genitourinary ultrasound
  - urachal cyst
  - urethra
  - penis
    - Peyronie's disease
    - priapism
- neck and thyroid ultrasound
  - thyroid
  - parathyroid
- echocardiography
  - echocardiographic modalities
    - transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
    - transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
    - three dimensional (3D) echocardiography
    - epicardial echocardiography
    - contrast enhanced echocardiography
    - fetal echocardiography
    - speckle tracking echocardiography
  - physics and imaging modes
    - grey-scale (B-mode)
    - motion mode (M-mode)
    - color flow Doppler (CFD)
    - spectral Doppler
      - pulsed wave Doppler (PWD)
      - continuous wave Doppler (CWD)
    - superb microvascular imaging (SMI)
    - tissue Doppler imaging (TDI)
  - left ventricular systolic and diastolic function
    - structure and morphology
    - systolic function
    - diastolic function
  - right ventricular assessment
    - structure and morphology
    - right ventricular (RV) dysfunction
  - right and left atria
    - right atrial enlargement
    - left atrial enlargement
  - valvular structure and function
    - mitral valve
      - mitral regurgitation
      - mitral stenosis
    - aortic valve
      - aortic stenosis
      - aortic regurgitation
    - pulmonic valve
      - pulmonic regurgitation
      - pulmonic stenosis
    - tricuspid valve
      - tricuspid regurgitation
      - tricuspid stenosis
  - hemodynamics
  - pericardium
    - pericardial effusion
    - constrictive pericarditis
  - cardiomyopathies
  - congenital heart disease
    - echocardiographic approach
    - deductive echocardiography
  - great vessels
    - thoracic aorta
      - thoracic aortic aneurysm
      - thoracic aortic dissection
    - main pulmonary artery
      - pulmonary embolism
    - inferior vena cava
      - collapsability index
      - distensibility index
    - superior vena cava
- pediatric ultrasound
- ultrasound interventions
  - ultrasound-guided biopsy
    - fine needle aspiration (FNA)
      - cell block cytology
      - gene expression classifier
    - core biopsy
    - ultrasound-guided renal biopsy
    - ultrasound-guided breast biopsy
    - ultrasound-guided liver biopsy
    - ultrasound-guided biopsy of a peripheral soft tissue mass
  - ultrasound-guided percutaneous drainage
    - thoracentesis
  - ultrasound-guided musculoskeletal interventions
    - joint injection
    - nerve blocks
      - interscalene brachial plexus block
  - ultrasound-guided intravenous cannulation
- contrast-enhanced ultrasound
  - liver
  - kidney
nuclear medicine
radiation therapy
interventional
- procedure overview
- neck
  - thyroid gland
    - thyroid gland FNA
- breast
  - breast biopsy (ultrasound-guided)
  - breast biopsy (stereotactic)
- chest
  - thoracic biopsy (CT-guided)
  - preoperative pulmonary nodule localization
  - thoracentesis (pleural tap)
- hepatobiliary
  - liver
  - biliary system
- splenic interventions
  - splenic biopsy
- gastrointestinal
  - stomach
    - percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)
- urogenital
  - bladder
    - cystolithotomy
  - kidney
  - prostate
    - prostate biopsy
    - transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
- musculoskeletal
  - arthrogram
    - MR arthrogram
    - CT arthrogram
    - anesthetic arthrogram
  - bone biopsy (CT-guided)
- upper limb
  - shoulder
  - elbow
    - common extensor origin microtenotomy
    - common flexor origin microtenotomy
    - distal biceps tendon sheath injection
    - elbow joint injection
    - median nerve injection
    - ulnar nerve injection
- lower limb
  - hip
    - hip joint injection (technique)
    - greater trochanteric bursa injection
    - gluteus minimus/ medius tendon calcific tendinopathy barbotage
    - iliopsoas tendon bursa injection
    - lateral cutaneous femoral nerve of the thigh injection
    - piriformis injection
    - common hamstrings origin injections
  - knee
    - common peroneal (fibular) nerve injection
    - knee joint injection
    - patella tendon microtenotomy
    - quadriceps tendon microtenotomy
    - tibial nerve injection
  - ankle
    - achilles hydrodilation & microtenotomy
    - ankle joint injection
    - extensor tendon sheath injection
    - flexor tendon sheath injection
    - os trigonum injection
    - peroneal tendon sheath injection
    - subtalar joint injection
    - tibial nerve injection
  - foot
    - calcaneocuboid joint injection
    - metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ) injection
    - naviculocuneiform joint injection
    - plantar fascia microtenotomy
    - subtalar joint injection
    - talonavicular joint injection
    - tarsometatarsal joint (TMTJ) injection
- spine
  - spinal interventional procedures (general)
  - vascular
    - venous
      - intravenous cannulation (ultrasound-guided)
      - inferior vena cava filter

Radiographic views

imaging in practice
p aediatric radiography
general radiography (adult)
- radiographic positioning and terminology
- systematic radiographic technical evaluation
shunt series
chest radiography
abdominal radiography
upper limb radiography
- shoulder girdle radiography
  - scapula series
    - AP view
    - lateral view
    - coracoid view
  - shoulder series
    - AP view
    - internal rotation view
    - external rotation view
    - superoinferior axial view
    - inferosuperior axial view
    - modified trauma axial
    - supine lateral
    - modified supine lateral
    - Y lateral view
    - AP glenoid view (Grashey view)
    - apical oblique view (Garth view)
    - humerus (neck) AP view
    - humerus axial (bicipital groove) view (Fisk view)
    - outlet view (Neer view)
    - Stryker notch view
  - acromioclavicular joint series
    - AP view
    - arm abducted view
    - AP weight bearing view
    - Zanca view
  - clavicle series
    - AP view
    - axial view
    - oblique view
  - sternoclavicular joint series
- arm and forearm radiography
- wrist and hand radiography
  - wrist series
    - PA view
    - lateral view
    - horizontal beam lateral view
    - oblique view
    - carpal tunnel view
    - trapezium view
    - pisiform view
    - PA radial deviation view
    - carpal bridge view
  - scaphoid series
  - hand series
  - thumb series
  - fingers series
  - rheumatology hands series
    - b oth hands PA view
    - ball-catcher view (Norgaard view)
  - bone age series
lower limb radiography
- pelvic girdle radiography
  - pelvis series
  - hip series
  - sacroiliac joint series
- thigh and leg radiography
- ankle and foot radiography
skull radiography
- PA view
- AP view
- lateral view
- AP axial view (Towne view)
- PA axial view (Caldwell view)
- occipitomental view (Waters view)
- acanthioparietal view (reverse waters view)
- occipitomental 30º view (Titterington view)
- submentovertex (SMV) view
paranasal sinuses and facial bones radiography
- facial bones
  - lateral view
  - Waters view
- Caldwell view (angled skull PA view)
- nasal bones
  - lateral view
  - Waters view
  - axial view
- zygomatic arches
  - submentovertex (SMV) view
  - oblique view
  - Waters view
  - AP axial view
- orbits
  - parieto-orbital view
  - Waters view
- paranasal sinuses
  - lateral view
  - PA angled view (Caldwell view)
  - parietocanthal view (Waters view)
  - transoral parietocanthal view (open mouth Waters view)
  - submentovertex (SMV) view
- temporal bones
  - axiolateral oblique view
  - AP axial view
  - Stenvers view
  - modified Stenvers view
  - submentovertex (SMV) view
dental radiography
- orthopantomography (OPG)
- mandible
  - axiolateral view
  - AP/PA view
  - AP axial view
  - submentovertex (SMV) view
- temporomandibular joints
  - AP axial view
  - axiolateral view
  - axiolateral oblique view
spine radiography
- cervical spine radiography
- thoracic spine radiography
  - AP view
  - lateral view
  - oblique view
- lumbar spine series
- sacrococcygeal radiography
- scoliosis radiography
  - PA/AP view
  - erect lateral view
  - lateral bending view

Spine radiography

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Imaging in practice

Radiographic views